Transcript Document

AP
Ch 51-56
7/17/2015
1
Animal Behavior - Ch.51


what and how an animal does
something
- controlled by genes and environment
- Nature v Nurture - Ridley
7/17/2015
2
Types


1. Instinct = behavior that is innate, inherited, ex.
bees, human
2. Learning:





a. Imprinting = occurs over a critical, brief period of time,
ex. Gosling accept any moving object as mother from day
1-3
b. Association or classical conditioning = animal learns
that two or more events are connected, ex. Pavlov's dogs
c. Trial-and-error (Operant conditioning) = animal
connects behavior with positive or negative response. Ex.
Mice- B.F. Skinner
3. Habituation = learned behavior that allows the
animal to disregard meaningless stimuli.
4. Insight = ability to approach new situations and
figure how to deal with them, involves reasoning
7/17/2015
3
Misc



Taxis = automatic movement in
response to a stimuli, moths & light
Kinesis = change in activity rate
because of a stimulus (non-directional)
Migration = long-distance, seasonal
movement of animals
7/17/2015
4
Fixed Action Pattern
(FAP) – (p.1121)a
type of behavior
directly linked to a
simple stimulus,
usually carried to
completion (stickle
back will attack
anything red)
7/17/2015
5
Communication




Chemical = pheromones, these trigger behavior, ex.
mating
Visual = displays of aggression, displays of
courtship
Auditory = Sounds, ex. whales, frogs, birds
Tactile = Touching, dances – honeybee waggle,
p1124
Foraging Behaviors
 Herds, flocks, and schools provide several
advantages:
 Concealment, vigilance, defense, attacking
7/17/2015
6
7/17/2015
7
Ch 52 - Ecology


study of interactions between living
things and their environment
What does this tell us? Why
important?
7/17/2015
8
“Ways to study ecology”








Organism = look at the way the organism survives,
interacts
Population = individuals of the same species in the same
area
Community = all populations interacting in the same area
Ecosystem = interaction of biotic (living) & abiotic (nonliving) factors
- abiotic = temp, water, sun, wind, rocks
Biosphere = all regions of the earth that contain living
things
Habitat = specific place where an organism usually lives
Niche = resources in the environment used by an
organism
7/17/2015
9
Biomes = divisions of biosphere, divided
mostly by climate, climograph, p1166-1171







Tropical rain forest - high temp & rainfall, tall trees
form a canopy?: stratified, diverse
Savannas/grasslands - grass, big climate changes,
prairies, zebra
Temperate deciduous forests - warm summers,
cold winters, and moderate precipitation. Deciduous
trees, small mammals
Deserts - hot and dry, few plants, cacti, lizards
Chaparral – shrubs, usually dry
Taiga - coniferous forest (pines), winter is cold with
snow, bear
Tundra- ground freezes, permafrost, grasses,
foxes, cold
7/17/2015
10
7/17/2015
11
7/17/2015
12
Water



Fresh water biomes - ponds, lakes, streams, and rivers
photic (light) vs aphotic zones , thermoclines
eutrophic (shallow, high nutrient) vs. oligotrophic (deep ,
O2 rich)
7/17/2015
13

Marine biomes - estuaries (oceans meet rivers),
intertidal zones (oceans meet land), coral reefs,
deep oceans (benthic), p1160
7/17/2015
14
Ch 53- Population Ecology

1.
2.
3.
4.
7/17/2015
study of the growth, abundance, and
distribution of populations, deals with:
population size - limited
density (spacing)/distribution - p11756 – high usually bad
age structure- p1192, baby booms
survivorship curves (mortality)p1178, effects repro. rates
15
7/17/2015
16
Population growth:


Biotic potential = max. growth rate of a
population under ideal conditions (unlimited
resources, no growth restrictions)
Factors that contribute to the biotic potential
of a species:




7/17/2015
Age at reproductive maturity
Clutch size (# of offspring at each reproductive
event)
Frequency of reproduction
Reproductive lifetime & survivorship
17


Carrying capacity = max. number of individuals of a
population that can be sustained by a particular
habitat
Limiting factors = factors that prevent a population
from attaining its biotic potential. 2 types
1. Density-dependent = influence population more
because of size, ex. food, space, disease
2. Density-independent = independent of the
density, ex. Natural disasters and extremes of
climate
7/17/2015
18
7/17/2015
19
Growth of a population:







r = births - deaths / N
r = growth rate, N = original pop. size
- when r is at its max. = intrinsic rate of growth
- if r = 0 = zero pop. Growth
Exponential growth = rate is greater than 0, plot of
exponential growth rises quickly, J-shaped curve, p
1182
Logistic growth = limiting factors restrict the pop. size
to the carrying capacity, forms S-shaped, or sigmoid
curve, p 1183
- these can change with time, p1189 ex. crab, hare and
lynx
7/17/2015
20
7/17/2015
21
7/17/2015
22
2 life-history strategies




1. r-selected species = rapid growth, quickly
reproduce, then die, (many offspring, small,
mature quick, no parent care)
2. K-selected species = pop. size remains
constant (at carrying capacity, K). (small # of
larger offspring, extensive parental care)
- humans, but we are growing exponentially
right now, why?
→ Incr. food supply, less disease, better
medicine, more habitat
7/17/2015
23
Ch 54-55- Ecosystems








examine the production/utilization of energy
- organisms are organized into groups called trophic levels
that reflect their main energy source
1. Primary producers = autotrophs, convert sun into chemical
energy
2. Primary consumers, or herbivores, eat the primary
producers.
3. Secondary consumers, or 1° carnivores, eat primary
consumers
4. Tertiary consumers, or 2° carnivores, eat secondary
consumers.
5. Detritivores= decomposers -energy by consuming dead
organisms
→Ecological pyramids show the relationship between trophic
levels, biomass, energy, numbers, etc. p1229
7/17/2015
24
7/17/2015
25
7/17/2015
26

Ecological efficiency = amount of energy at one
trophic level that is transferred to the next level →
Efficiency ≈ 10%, so 10% of energy of one level is
transferred to the next level. So 90% is consumed
by the activities of each organism, or transferred to
detritivores,

Food chain = chart of who eats whom, p1205
Food web = expanded, more complete version of a
food chain, shows interactions of all the major
plants/animals in the ecosystem, p1206

7/17/2015
27
7/17/2015
28
Keystone
Species –
(p.1208) exert
control on
community
structure not
by numbers,
but by their
pivotal
ecological role.
7/17/2015
29
Symbiosis




species that live together during a portion of
their lives, p.1202-1203
1) Mutualism = both species benefit, ex.
lichen, acadia tree and ants, +/+
2) Commensalism- one species, benefits,
other is unaffected, barnacle, +/o
3) Parasitism- parasite, host is harmed,
tapeworm, +/- or -/-
7/17/2015
30
Coevolution





evolution of one species in response to new
adaptations that appear in another species
toxic chemicals produced in plants that discourage
herbivores
camouflage- color, pattern, shape, or behavior that
enables an animal to blend in with its surroundings
warning coloration - warns predators that they sting,
bite, taste bad
mimicry - when species resemble one another
7/17/2015
31
7/17/2015
32
Ecological Succession p.1212





community is gradually replaced by another
community with different species called the
climax community
How? - natural disaster, soil changes, light
amount, crowding
primary = nothing there to start
secondary – something there
- The plants/animals that are first to colonize
= pioneer species
7/17/2015
33
Biogeochemical Cycles



flow of elements from the environment to
living things and back
Hydrologic or water cycle- water from
evaporation & transpiration, flows into the
land, why import/ how impact? p1232
Carbon cycle- carbon from CO2 and fossil
fuels, gets used by plants and animals,
released as CO2 or burned, why import?,
p1232
7/17/2015
34
7/17/2015
35




Nitrogen cycle- comes from air, into soil, N fixed
into NH3, back into air, why import? p1233
Nitrogen fixation: N2 to NH4+ by bacteria (in soil
and roots)
Nitrification: NH4+ to NO2 and NO3 by bacteria.
Denitrification: bacteria change back to N2



Phosphorus cycle -erosion of rocks puts P in water
and soil, plants
absorb, P is released when die and decomposed,
import?, p1233
7/17/2015
36
7/17/2015
37
Human Impact on the
Biosphere

1. Greenhouse effect- burn fossil fuels & forests, increases
CO2, thus more heat is trapped in the atmosphere. Result =
global temps are rising, could raise sea levels (melt ice caps)

2. Ozone depletion- ozone absorbs UV radiation and
prevents it from reaching surface of the earth where it would
damage the DNA of organisms. CFCs in aerosols break down
ozone


3. Acid rain- burning of fossil fuels releases pollutants that
contain SO2 and NO2. These react with water, and produce
sulfuric and nitric acid. This kill plants and animals
7/17/2015
38


4. Deforestation= cutting of forests causes
erosion, flooding, and changes in weather,
increases CO2, adds to the greenhouse
effect
5. Pollution= Some toxins, such as DDT,
concentrate in plants and animals. As one
organism eats another, the toxin becomes
more concentrated = biological
magnification, p1238
7/17/2015
39
7/17/2015
40
Introduced species p.1249

new species added to a new area
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoffburg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/invbio_plan_report_home.ht
ml

often done to control other pests, ex.
gypsy moth

7/17/2015
– What problems do these cause?
41