Transcript UNIT VII

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Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Militarism
Trench warfare
Total war
Propaganda
Did they call it World War I?
The Onset of WWI
European nations are ready to rumble,
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Militarism
Alliances
Nationalism
Imperialism
Assassination
when the Crisis in the Balkans
a. Serbian Nationalist (terrorist) group Black Hand
b. Assassinate Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo
triggers an alliance system and leads to war.
a. Triple Entente- France, United Kingdom, Russia (AP)
b. Triple Alliance- Austria-Hungary, Italy, Germany (CP)
c. Become Allied Powers vs. Central Powers when war begins
Causes of World War I -
MANIA
M ilitarism – policy of building up strong military forces to
prepare for war
A lliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect
one another
N ationalism – pride in or devotion to one’s country
I mperialism – when one country takes over another country
economically and politically
A ssassination – murder of Austrian Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
Causes of World War I - Militarism
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers
(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, Britain, Russia) in
millions of £s (British pounds)
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
France
Britain
Russia
Germany
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
10%
13%
39%
73%
Causes of World War I - Alliances
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Great Britain
Germany
France
Austria-Hungary
Tension
Russia
Italy
Causes of World War I - Nationalism
Pan-Slavism - movement to unify all of the Slavic people
Causes of World War I - Nationalism
Pan-Germanism - movement to unify the people of all
German speaking countries
Germanic Countries
Austria *
Belgium
Denmark
Iceland
Germany *
Liechtenstein *
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Sweden
Switzerland *
United Kingdom
* = German speaking country
Imperialism: European
conquest of Africa and
Asia
Causes of World War I - Imperialism
Causes of World War I - Imperialism
Causes of World War I - Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie
Sarajevo, Bosnia - June 28th, 1914.
Causes of World War I - Assassination
The Point of No Return:
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Austria blamed Serbia for Franz Ferdinand’s death and
declared war on Serbia.
Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.
· example of Pan-German nationalism
Russia pledged their support for Serbia.
· example of Pan-Slavic nationalism
The Point of No Return:
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Germany declares war on Russia.
France pledges their support for Russia.
Germany declares war on France.
Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.
Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Germany
Great Britain
Austria-Hungary
France
World War I
Russia
Italy
checkpoint
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Do Now
What IS Trench Warfare?
Trench warfare is a form of occupied fighting lines, consisting largely of
trenches, in which troops are largely immune to the enemy's small arms fire
and are substantially sheltered from artillery.
The Onset of WWI
European nations are ready to rumble,
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Militarism
Alliances
Nationalism
Imperialism
Assassination
when the Crisis in the Balkans
a. Serbian Nationalist (terrorist) group Black Hand
b. Assassinate Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo
triggers an alliance system and leads to war.
a. Triple Entente- France, United Kingdom, Russia (AP)
b. Triple Alliance- Austria-Hungary, Italy, Germany (CP)
c. These become Allied Powers vs. Central Powers when war
begins
Trench Warfare
British Trench
Diagrams
Taken from the British reference
manual on Trench Warfare, British
Trench Warfare 1917-1918. The
manual was originally prepared by
the General Staff at the British War
Office
Trenches along the Western Front
German trenches
US 18th Infantry, 1st Division troops in front line
trench, 20 Jan 1918
WWI By The Numbers
Mobilized
Russia
12,000,000
Germany
11,000,000
Great Britain
8,904,467
France
8,410,000
Austria-Hungary 7,800,000
Italy
5,615,000
US
4,355,000
Turkey
2,850,000
Bulgaria
1,200,000
Japan
800,000
Romania
750,000
Serbia
707,343
Belgium
267,000
Greece
230,000
Portugal
100,000
Montenegro
50,000
Dead
Wounded
Missing/PoW
1,700,000
1,773,700
908,371
1,375,800
1,200,000
650,000
126,000
325,000
87,500
300
335,706
45,000
13,716
5,000
7,222
3,000
4,950,000
4,216,058
2,090,212
3,266,000
3,620,000
947,000
234,300
400,000
152,390
907
120,000
133,148
44,686
21,000
13,751
10,000
2,500,000
1,152,800
191,652
537,000
2,200,000
600,000
4,526
250,000
27,029
3
80,000
152,958
34,659
1,000
12,318
7,000
The Great War = Total War
The Illusion of a quick war fades
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b.
Schlieffen Plan
Western Front (mostly in France)
- Stalemate leads to trench warfare
c.
Eastern Front (along German/Austria-Hungary and Russian
boarders)
- Central Powers drive Russia from the War- 1917
when the true nature of this war
a.
b.
c.
New weapons
Trench warfare
Total war (everyone contributes to the war effort)
reveals a prolonged global struggle
a.
b.
Tries to break the stalemate- ie… Gallipoli
1917- US enters on the allies side
a.
b.
German sink Lusitania
Zimmermann Note- German note to Mexico
Don’t wake a sleeping giant…
• ‘The Lusitania’
ConsiDer…
• What is propaganda? And – how can a nation
use it during wartime?
How do you convince an entire country that
every citizen’s actions has an impact on
the war effort?
Propaganda- To influence one’s opinions
or beliefs through the use of media (posters,
speeches, videos, newspapers, etc.)
“advertising for a cause”
Propaganda
Which poster
provoked the
strongest response?
Why? How were
illustrations, colors,
symbols and words
used to communicate
the intended
message? Were the
posters effective?
Why or why not?
Total War: Fighting on the homefront
Increased Government power leads to
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Huge demand for war materials- guns, bullets, etc…
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Planned economy
Huge demand for men
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Conscription- DRAFT
manipulation of public opinion and
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Propaganda
Efforts to eliminate dissent
Changing roles for women.
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filled factory jobs (temporary)
Many countries granted women’s suffrage
The Zimmermann Note
• Telegram sent from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann
asking Mexico to engage in war with U.S.
• "We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine
warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States
of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make
Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war
together, make peace together, generous financial support and an
understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost
territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail
is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most
secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of
America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his
own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same
time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the
President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our
submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few
months to make peace." Signed, ZIMMERMANN
Total War: Fighting on the homefront
Increased Government power leads to
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Huge demand for war materials- guns, bullets, etc…
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Planned economy
Huge demand for men
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Conscription- DRAFT
manipulation of public opinion and
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Propaganda
Efforts to eliminate dissent
Changing roles for women.
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filled factory jobs (temporary)
Many countries granted women’s suffrage
• Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points were
first outlined in a speech Wilson gave to
the American Congress in January 1918.
Wilson's Fourteen Points became the
basis for a peace program and it was on
the back of the Fourteen Points that
Germany and her allies agreed to an
armistice in November 1918.
Wilson’s 14 Points
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1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to develop
her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along
clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for
the Balkan states.
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in
the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial
independence of all states.
Wilson’s Points/Treaty of Versailles
• What of Wilson’s ideas were actually put into
the Treaty of Versailles?
• What shows up in the Treaty that was NOT
part of Wilson’s plan?
Woodrow Wilson's speech in Congress, January 8, 1918
The End of the War
Entry of the US…
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Initially the US is neutral
“Lusitania” Going to England filled with passengers (+100
Americans)
Zimmerman Note= Germany to Mexico
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ends the War
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Final German Offensive (2nd Battle of the Marne)
Armistice (cease fire- “eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the
eleventh month”)
And leads to “peace” at Versailles.
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Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points proposed
The reality is reparations- Germany must pay
The Treaty of Versailles
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The Big Four