Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - CHAPTER 1 New World Encounters

CHAPTER 1
New World Encounters
America Past and Present
Eighth AP* Edition
Divine  Breen  Fredrickson  Williams  Gross  Brand
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Native American Histories
Before Conquest
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20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters
became first American inhabitants
14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of
South America
These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from
many communicative diseases
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Routes of the First Americans
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The Environmental Challenge:
Food, Climate, and Culture

Native Americans enjoyed an abundant
supply of meat
 Some
suggest they over-hunted and caused
the extinction of several large species
 Climatic warming probably played a much
bigger role

5000 years ago—agricultural revolution
 Crops
included maize, squash, and beans
 Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to
permanent villages or large cities
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Mysterious Disappearances
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Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon
 Sophisticated
irrigation
 Well-built roads for transportation
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Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley
 Large
ceremonial mounds
 Extensive trade network
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Cahokia—Mississippi Valley
 Large
ceremonial mounds
 Far-flung trade network
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Aztec Dominance
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Aztecs settled valley of Mexico
Center of large, powerful empire
Highly organized social and political
structure
Ruled through fear and force
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Eastern Woodland Cultures
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Atlantic coast of North America
Native Americans lived in smaller bands
Agriculture supplemented by hunting and
gathering
Likely were the first natives encountered by
English settlers
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Locations of Major Indian Groups
and Culture Areas in the 1600s
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A World Transformed
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Large numbers of whites profoundly altered
native cultures
The rate of change varied from place to place
Native traditions changed radically for cultural
survival
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Cultural Negotiations
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Diversity of language groups, ethnicities
Place in society defined through kinship
Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical
formation
Diplomacy, trade, war organized around
reciprocal relationships
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Confederacies
of Eastern North America
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Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes
Ontario and Erie
Iroquois—central New York
Powhattan—Chesapeake
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Threats to Survival: Trade
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Native Americans were eager for
European trade
They became dependent on, and
indebted to, Europeans
Commerce also influenced warfare
patterns
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Threats to Survival: Disease
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Contact brought population decline among
American Indians
Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic
disease
 Smallpox
 Measles
 Influenza
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Rate as high as 95%
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West Africa: Ancient and
Complex Societies
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Diversity of sub-Saharan cultures
 Islam
 Strong
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traditional beliefs
A history of empires
 Mali
 Ghana
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Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans
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Trade Routes in Africa
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Beginnings of the
Slave Trade
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Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea
lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa
Native rulers sold prisoners of war to
Portuguese as slaves
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How Many Slaves?
Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per year
Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the
Americas
By 1860—ca. 11 million
Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans
came to the Americas
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Europe on the Eve of Conquest
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Tenth century—Leif Ericson settled “Vinland”
Late fifteenth century—preconditions for
overseas settlement attained
 Rise of nation-states
 Spread of new technologies
 Spread of old knowledge
1492—Columbus initiated large-scale
European colonization
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Building New Nation-States
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Population growth after 1450
“New monarchs” forged nations from
scattered provinces
 Spain
 France
 England
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“Middle class” a new source of revenue
Powerful military forces deployed
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Imagining a New World
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Spain the first European nation to achieve
conditions for successful colonization
Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella
1492—Jews and Muslims expelled
Conquest of Canary Islands provided
rehearsal for colonization
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Myths and Reality
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Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to
finance westward expedition to “Cathay”
1492—initial voyage
Three subsequent voyages to find cities of
China
1506—died clinging to belief he had reached
the Orient
Made possible Spanish dominion in America
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The Conquistadores
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Independent adventurers commissioned by
Spanish crown to subdue new lands
By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated
By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire
1539-1542—de Soto explored Southeast
1540-1542—Coronado explored Southwest
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Voyages of European Exploration
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From Plunder to Settlement
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Encomienda System rewarded
Conquistadors
 Large
land grants
 Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute
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Appointed officials answered only to crown
Catholic Church
 Protected
Indian rights
 Performed mass conversions
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By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World
 Unmarried
males intermarried
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 Mixed-blood population emerged
The French Claim Canada
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1608—Samuel de Champlain founded
Québec
French empire eventually included
St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi
French crown makes little effort to foster
settlement
Fur trade underpinned economy
Indians became valued trading partners
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The English Enter the Competition
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Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII
(r. 1509-1547)
England achieved preconditions for colonization
under Elizabeth I
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Birth of English Protestantism
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Protestant Reformation played a major role in
England’s rise to dominance
 1517—Martin
Luther sparked reform in
Germany
 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in
Geneva
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Reformation pitted European Protestants
against Catholics
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The English Reformation
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Tudor monarchs brought political unity
Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547)
strengthened Crown
Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI
(r. 1547-1553)
Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cut short English
Catholic Counter-Reformation
Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidated English
Reformation
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Militant Protestantism
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Lutheran Reformation
God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests
 Justification by faith alone for salvation
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Calvinist Reformation
John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence
 Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation
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Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe
France—Huguenots
 Scotland—Presbyterians
 England—Puritans
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Woman in Power
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Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) a very capable monarch
Elizabeth introduced Via Media
Protestant Doctrine
 “Catholic” Ritual
 Ended religious turmoil in England
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Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompted Spanish
crusade against England
England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic
powers
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Religion, War, and Nationalism
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Spanish hostility made Elizabeth the symbol of
English, Protestant nationhood
Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them
English heroes
Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American
empire
1588—Spanish Armada defeated
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Irish Rehearsal for American
Settlement
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English experiences in Ireland shaped how they
would conquer the New World
To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric
 They
would view Native Americans the same
way
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English Conquest of Ireland
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Ireland was a laboratory for English
colonization
 Irish
viewed as backward
 English under Elizabeth seized Irish land
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English Brutality
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English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile
English employed brutal methods, such as
massacring women and children, to crush
frequent Irish resistance
English adventurers compared Native
Americans with “wild” Irish
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An Unpromising Beginning:
Mystery at Roanoke
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Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in
1584
 He
named the region Virginia after the Virgin
Queen
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The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587
The colonists disappeared without a trace and
their fate remains a mystery
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Campaign to Sell America
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By 1600, no English settlements in New World
Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American
colonization
 Claimed
that England needs American colonies
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