Layered Protocol

Types of Networks by Logical Connectivity  Peer to Peer and Client-Server  Peer-to-peer Networks  Every computer can communicate directly with every other computer  By default, no computer has more authority than another  Every computer is capable of sending and receiving information to and from every other computer

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Peer-to-peer Networks Figure 1-1: Resource sharing on a simple peer-to-peer network

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Type of Networks  Client/Server  Server: central computer used to facilitate communication and resource sharing between other computers on the network (called clients)  Client/server network: uses a server to enable clients to share data, data storage space, and devices  To function as a server, a computer must be running a network operating system (NOS)

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Client/Server Networks (continued) Figure 1-2: Resource sharing on a client/server network

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Client/Server Networks  Advantages of using client/server networks over peer-to-peer networks:  User logon accounts and passwords can be assigned in one place  Access to multiple shared resources can be centrally granted to a single user or groups of users  Problems can be tracked, diagnosed, and often fixed from one location

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Client/Server Networks  Advantages of using client/server networks over peer-to-peer networks (continued):  Servers are optimized to handle heavy processing loads and dedicated to handling requests from clients, enabling faster response time  Because of their efficient processing and larger disk storage, servers can connect more than a handful of computers on a network

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Network Classification by Area  PAN (Personal Area Network)  Local area network (LAN): confined to a relatively small space, such as a building or an office  Metropolitan area network (MAN): larger than a LAN; connects clients and servers from multiple buildings  Wide area network (WAN): connects two or more geographically distinct LANs or MANs

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LANs, MANs, and WANs Figure 1-4: A simple WAN

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Network Topology

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What is Communication Communication is successful when the message already received and confirmed

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Protocols   Driving Force: need for different proprietary networking system to communicate Protocol: set of rules for acceptable behaviour to enable communication  Specifically:  the set of rules used by communicating parties for that communication to be successful  Suite of protocols cover all required behaviour  Mostly implemented in software  Complexity demands that protocols are ‘layered’

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ISO/OSI Reference Model  ISO in 1984  Open Systems Interconnect (OSI)  A design guideline for network layering  Abstract layers provide different services  Defines 7 layers of service  Each layer provides service to adjacent layers  Each layer communicates with same layer in remote machine.

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OSI Reference Model Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Link Layer Physical Layer Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Link Layer Physical Layer

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OSI Model

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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TCP/IP Model

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Data Encapsulation

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Data Encapsulation

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OSI Layer vs. TCP/IP Layer

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5-7 4 3 1-2 FTP – File Transfer Protocol HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol WAP – Wireless Application Protocol SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol TCP UDP IP e.g. IEEE 802.x

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Packet Tracer  Example of packet data unit (PDU) in layered network

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Movie  GoodWarriors

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Quiz  What are the differences between  Circuit switching and packet switching  Connection oriented and connectionless oriented   Protocols  What are they?

 Why do we layer protocols?

ISO/OSI – 7 layer reference model  How does the OSI abstract services?

 How does TCP/IP stack relate to OSI?

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Topik  IM & SIP protocol  Dhcp & e-mail protocol  p2p protocol  ipv6 & packettracer  Vlan  rip & ospf  Ns2, contoh aplikasi  omnet++, contoh aplikasi

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