Transcript Document

Springtime of the Peoples
An Aid to Understanding the
Signifcance of the European
Revolutions of 1848
Why violent revolution doesn’t take place in Britain
•
•
•
•
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
•
–
–
Chartism (1830s & 1840s)
Working-class radicals
Change from within the political
system
Six points of the Charter
Universal manhood suffrage
Equal electoral districts
No property qualification for
MPs
Payment for MPs
Annual parliaments
Secret ballot
Presentation of Charter three
times (1839, 1842, 1848)
Ultimate failure of the Charter
Internal Divisions
Role of Government to stamp
out Chartist Factions
The Course of the 1848 Revolution:
January: Palermo
(Italy)
February: Paris
March: Berlin,
Munich,
Vienna,
Venice,
Milan,
Cracow
In Austria
Kaiser Franz Joseph
1849: Revolt in Hungary
suppressed with Russian
help
Metternich forced
to flee in March
1848
Revolutions in Europe
• Austria:
– Meternich flees the revolution
• Ferdinand deposed, choice of his nephew Franz
Joseph II (1848-1916)
– Hungarian revolt suppressed with Russian help
• Nicholas I, “the policeman of Europe.”
• Germany:
– Unification of German States
• Large Germany (Grossdeutsch), or Little Germany
(Kleindeutsch)
Frankfort Parliament offers imperial crown to
Prussian king
• Italy: Revolts in Naples, Papal States, Tuscany, Venice
– Goal: Unification under the House of Savoy
– Austrians reassert control in Tuscany & Venetia
Revolution in Berlin (Prussia)
• 3 March 1848 – Revolution broke out in the Rhineland
• 15 March 1848 -- Revolutionaries revolted in Berlin, demanding
liberal democratic reforms.
• King of Prussia (Frederick William IV) made concessions to the
revolutionaries.
• Soon afterwards, the other leaders of German states also gave their
support for liberal democratic & nationalist reforms.
• Believing that the kings & princes were committed to a united
Germany, bourgeois liberal leaders began to meet in Frankfurt to
write a new constitution for a united Germany. (Frankfurt
Parliament)
– Supported liberal democracy
– Little Germany or Large Germany?
– Supported a constitutional monarchy (under the leadership of
the King of Prussia) & a united Germany without Austria.
Revolution in the Austrian
(Hapbsurg) Empire
• While many revolutionaries
advocated liberalism, most
were nationalists.
• Calls for liberal democracy
centered in Vienna
• 12 March 1848, Revolution
broke out in Vienna
• Nationalist Revolutions
• Czechs, Hungarians, &
Italians, in particular,
rejected the dominance of a
foreign, German-speaking,
ruler.
Hungarian
& Czech Revolutions
• Most powerful (Magyar)
of the
•
•
•
•
•
minorities & the most
successful of the
revolutionaries.
Louis (Lajos) Kossuth (18021894)
3 March 1848 – Revolution
broke out in Budapest
Frightened Metternich, who
quickly agreed to allow the
Hungarians to establish a
liberal democratic parliament.
March Laws: Representation,
freedom of the press, religious
freedom, equal justice before
the law, taxation of the
nobility.
May 1848 – Czechs revolted,
demanding political autonomy
similar to what the Hungarians
had received.
•
•
•
•
Retreat of the Hapsburg Empire
Seeing what was happening throughout Europe, the Austrian Emperor
(Ferdinand I) began to grant liberal concessions.
– March 1848 – King dismissed Metternich
– 25 April 1848 – King agreed to a constitutional monarchy
– Granted Universal manhood suffrage
– Emancipated the serfs
15 May 1848 – Another wave of demonstrations broke out in Vienna
May 17 1848 – Emperor fled to Innsbruck (Austria)
Beginning in the summer of 1848, Austria reasserted her dominance over
the revolutionaries.
– June 1848 – Emperor’s army crushed the Czech revolution
– October 1848 – Emperor crushed the revolt in Vienna.
– September 1848 1848 – Emperor sent troops into Hungary to suppress
the revolution.
– December 1948 – Emperor abdicated in favor of his nephew (Francis
Joseph I) who was determined to suppress these revolutions.
– March 1849 – Austrian forces conquered Hungary & imposed military
rule.
– June 1849 – Austrian joins with Prussia to crush revolutions in the
Rhineland, Saxony, & Bavaria.
Revolution in Italy
• January & February 1848 – Revolts erupted in Naples & Turin
• March 1848 – Guerra Santa (Holy War)
• 22 March 1848 – Revolution broke out & Venetian Republic was
established.
– Came under the leadership of Garibaldi
• March 1848 – Papal States were given a constitution
– February 1849 – Roman Republic proclaimed under the
leadership of Mazzini.
• Goals: Liberalism & National Unification
• Led by Charles Albert (King of Piedmont-Sardinia)
• 23 March 1848 – Piedmont-Sardina declared war on Austria
• New Republics: Venice, Tuscany, & Rome
• June 1848 – Austrians defeated Piedmont-Sardinia. Austrians reestablished control over Lombardy & Venetia, destroying the
republics.
Why do the Revolutions Fail?
•Problem of Idealism among Revolutionaries
•Military Power
•Weak Alliances
The Suppression of the 1848 Revolutions
Lasting Significance of 1848
•While there was a lasting challenge of liberal and radical
programs
•Persistence of old regime
•“Democracy” and 2nd Republic in France under Louis
Napoleon, president (1848-1852) then Emperor
Napoleon III (1852-1870)
•“Representative” government (Landtag) in Prussia
•Emigration of 1848’ers to United States
•Eventual conservative cooption of liberal and radical
platforms
Acknowledgements
• Streeter, Dr. Revolutions of 1848.
Online.
history.smsu.edu/drstreeter/Hst102_
Presentations/Revolutions%20of%2018
48.ppt. January 1, 2005. This
PowerPoint has been entirely
reproduced for classroom use. An
online version will be linked directly to
the original site.