Transcript MIGRALINK INTERREG IIIB CADSES

Ustrój polityczny Polski
i wybory
dr Maciej St. Zięba
Rzeczpospolita Polska
• Rzeczpospolita (czyli Rzecz Publiczna, Dobro
Wspólne; Republika, Wspólnota) Polska – nazwa
używana co najmniej od 1505
• I Rzeczpospolita (monarchia królów elekcyjnych,
wybieranych przez parlament) – 1505-1795 (15691795: Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów – Polaków i
Litwinów-Rusinów)
• II Rzeczpospolita – 1918-1939
• PRL („Rzeczpospolita Ludowa”) 1945-89
• III Rzeczpospolita – 1989–do dziś
s.2.
Ustrój Trzeciej Rzeczypospolitej
• Ustrój parlamentarno-gabinetowy – rząd jest tworzony
przez Premier (Prezesa Rady Ministrów) mianowanego
przez Prezydenta RP na wniosek partii posiadającej
większość w Sejmie (czy koalicji tworzącej większość).
• Prezydent RP praktycznie nie ma żadnej władzy
wykonawczej.
• Rząd (Rada Ministrów, Gabinet) jest powoływany przez
Premiera, ministrowie są mianowani przez Prezydenta
zgodnie z wolą Premiera, oraz akceptowany przez Sejm
(wotum zaufania).
• Sejm może odwołać rząd (konstruktywne wotum
nieufności, nieprzyjęcie budżetu państwa).
s.3.
Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej
Polskiej
• Prezydent RP jest Głową Państwa, ma wszystkie
najwyższe funkcje reprezentatywne, jest Strażnikiem
Konstytucji, Naczelnym Dowódcą Sił Zbrojnych
.
• Prezydent akceptuje (podpisuje) wszystkie ustawy – ma
prawo weta (które może być następnie odrzucone przez
3/5) lub skierowania do Trybunału Konstytucyjnego dla
sprawdzenia zgodności z Konstytucją (decyzja
ostateczna).
• Posiada ograniczoną inicjatywę legislacyjną.
• Jest wybierany bezpośrednio w głosowaniu
powszechnym na 5-letnią kadencję. Może by raz
wybrany ponownie.
s.4.
• Nie ma wiceprezydenta.
Parlament - 1
• Sejm (= „Zebranie”, „Zgromadzenie”) – do końca XVIII w.
był to parlament trojga stanów (Izba Poselska, Senat i
Król)
– wg legend – działał od IX w.
– potwierdzony w źródłach – od 1182
• Regularne wybory pośrednie co 2 lata – od 1492.
• Sejm Walny (Zgromadzenie Zwykłe) spotykało się raz na
rok na 6 tygodni. Sejm Skonfederowany
Ekstraordynaryjny mógł pracować dłużej.
• Konstytucja 3 Maja 1791 - reforma Sejmu
s.5.
Parlament – 2
• 1945-1989 (PRL) – Sejm jednoizbowy
• od 1989 – dwie izby Zgromadzenia Narodowego:
– Sejm (izba niższa) – posłowie – 460 miejsc –
podstawowe uprawnienia legislacyjne (prawodawcze,
ustawodawcze).
– Senat (izba wyższa) – 100 miejsc – funkcje legislacyjne
wspomagające.
– Wybierane razem, na kadencję 4-letnią, w wyborach
bezpośrednich, powszechnych i proporcjonalnych.
• Marszałek Sejmu (Przewodniczący Sejmu) – zastępuje
Prezydenta RP w razie konieczności (śmierć, niemożliwość
pełnienia funkcji, dymisja).
s.6.
Central government
and local government : 1
• Until 1989: Poland - a centralised state
• Since 1990: process of decentralisation of
competencies and creation of local governments
(“self-government”)
– 1990 - municipalities + provincial councils (seymiks)
– 1999 - reorganisation of the division of the territory
• counties and regions
• state administration kept on the regional level
• Poland continues being a unitary country
s.7.
Self-government
• The territorial division of the RP provides for
the decentralization of the public authorities
(Art.15, No.1,The Constitution of the RP)
• All the inhabitants of a basic territorial division
unit form a self-governing collectivity by the
force of law (Art.16,No.1)
• The territorial self-government participates in
the performance of public administration
s.8.
Central government
and local government : 2
• 1989: Poland - a centralised state
– 49 provinces (voivodship - województwo)
– state administration extending from the central level
(the ministries) to municipalities
• provinces (voivodship: województwo) and
– their subsidiaries (district: rejon)
• basic administrative units – municipalities
(rural community: gmina, township: miasto i gmina;
town/city: miasto)
– hierarchical dependence of all units of territorial
administration
– fake elected bodies (councils)
s.9.
Central government
and local government : 3
• 1990: first decentralisation of competencies
– reorganisation of the basic level - creation of selfgovernmental municipalities (communities) with
elected bodies (municipal council - rada gminna,
miejska)
• the municipal board (zarząd) as well as the chief of the
municipality (voyt - wójt, mayor - burmistrz, president of the
city - prezydent miasta) elected by and from within the
council;
• rural and mixed municipalities are divided into villages,
towns/cities may form hamlets, quarters and districts
• special law on Warsaw (the capital city);
– basic competencies given by default to the
municipalities;
– provincial councils (sejmik) - representing the
municipalities - advisory bodies to the state
administration in the province (voivod or governor);
s.10.
Central government
and local government : 4
• 1999: second decentralisation (1)
– reorganisation of the division of the territory: abandon
of 49 provinces (and their districts) and creation of 16
regions, called voivodships (województwo);
– double administration on the regional level:
• self-government (the regional council – sejmik,
litt.: smaller convention or assembly; the
voivodship board and the chief of the regional
executive: marshal of the voivodship - marszałek
województwa – different from the speaker!) – with
a list of competencies given
• state administration in the region – governor
(voivod - wojewoda) with a list of competencies
given
s.11.
Central government
and local government : 5
• 1999: second decentralisation (2)
– (re)creation of the intermediary level of selfgovernment territorial unit and administration county (poviat - powiat) with a list of competencies
given;
– poviat council is electing the poviat board and its
chief, the staroste (starosta)
– altogether 379 counties created, out of which 314
land counties (powiat ziemski) and 65 urban counties
(powiat grodzki), consisting of big cities (by now 2
urban counties dissolved, or rather united with the
surrounding land county)
s.12.
Central government
and local government : 6
• Law on Direct Elections of the Chiefs of
Municipalities (2002)
• Law of on Civil Service (1996, replaced
1998, replaced 2006)
• Law on State Cadre Reserve (2006)
s.13.
Competencies - municipalities
• All public affairs of local importance,
not restricted by a law to the sole
competency of another subject (Art.6,
No.1, Law 1591/1990)
s.14.
Municipalities - in particular
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space management
immobility property manage’nt
environmental protection
water management
local roads, bridges etc.
supply of energy
sewers and waste removal
public transportation
health protection
social help
housing programmes
co-operation with NGO’s
public education
culture (libraries, etc.)
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monument protection
sports and tourism, recreation
market places
cemeteries
parks and green areas
fire and flood protection
pro-family help (social,
medical, legal help) and youth
promotion of the municipality
international co-operation
promoting self-governance and
civil society
tasks transferred by state auth.
s.15.
order keeping etc.
Counties - competencies
• Public services of the supra-local
importance, prescribed by the laws (Art.2,
No.1, Law 1592/1998)
• The task of the counties cannot disturb the
competencies or tasks of the
municipalities (Art. 4, No. 6)
• Urban counties = cities (municipalities)
with the rights of counties
s.16.
Counties - in the following
domains
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public education
health promotion & protection
social help
pro-family services
aid to handicapped
public transport and roads
culture and monument
protection
cartography, geodesy,
cadaster
architecture and building
water management
nature protection
forestry, fishing, agriculture
• public order and security
• crisis prevention
• unemployment prevention
and fighting
• consumer protection
• civil defense
• local promotion
• co-operation with NGO’s
• maintenance of public utility
buildings
• maintenance of fire brigades,
local police, and county
inspections
• tasks transferred by the state
s.17.
Voivodship - competencies
• Public services and tasks of regional
importance, prescribed by the laws and
not restricted to the exclusive competence
of the organs of state administration (Art.
2. No. 2, Law 1590/1998)
• The competencies of the voivodship do
not disturb the independence of the
municipalities and counties, nor do they
form any supervision above them (Art. 4).
s.18.
Voivodship - prescribed tasks
Drafting a regional
development strategy, in
order to:
Implementing a policy of
regional development
through:
• - maintain and enhance the
national, cultural and civic
consciousness of the
population and regional identity
• - stimulate economic activity,
• - raise the competitiveness and
innovativeness of the economy
of the region,
• - maintain the cultural and
natural heritage (sustainable
development),
• - develop and keep the spatial
order.
• developing labour market,
• creating and keeping technical
and social infrastructure,
• finding and attracting external
financial resources, especially
from the EU and state budget,
• improving the level of general
education and higher
education,
• stimulating culture, recreation,
research, innovation,
• promotion of the region’s s.19.
assets and potentials.
Voivodship - prescribed tasks
And all that through:
Other tasks:
• co-operation with territorial
self-government units of its
area,
• co-operation with the state
administration in the region,
• co-operation with economic
chambers, employers’ and
employees organisations,
churches, NGO’s, research
institutions and universities,
neighbouring regions, foreign
regions and international
organisations,
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education (artistic, higher),
culture, sports, tourism,
health care (hospitals),
social help and family policy,
modernisation of rural areas,
public transportation and
networks of roads,
environmental protection,
spatial planning
consumer protection
public order,
fighting unemployment.
s.20.
Voivod (Governor)
• Representative of the Council of Ministers in the region
• Chief of all consolidated special state administrations
(inspections, guards etc.) and co-ordinator of nonconsolidated state administrations in the region
• Maintenance of order within the region, administering all
border-crossing points
• Supervising organ for self-government units
• Second level (revocatory) organ within the procedures
of administrative decisions
• Representative of the Treasury for state owned property
s.21.
Elections in Poland
• Active - 18 years
• Passive
– Sejm - 21 years
– Senat - 30 years
– Presidential - 35 years
– Self-government - 18 years
– European Parliament - 21 years
• Law on elections - Ordynacja wyborcza
s.22.
Elections - Sejm (Parliament,
lower chamber)
• One round multiple-winner method
• Ballots with several party or committee lists,
voter may vote for just one candidate
• Country-wide threshold of 4 % support for
parties, 8% for coalitions
• Party-list proportional method of tallying d’Hondt method of highest averages - the votes
obtained by candidates from the same parties
are added and redistributed (via division by
natural numbers)
s.23.
Parliamentary Clubs and Groups
Party or coalition
2005
2007
Civic Platform (PO)
votes
24.1%
seats
133
votes
41.51%
seats
209
Polish People's Party (PSL)
7.0%
25
8.91%
31
Law and Justice (PiS)
27.0%
155
32.1%
166
Self defence (Samoobrona)
11.4%
56
1.53%
0
League of Polish Families (LPR)
8.0%
34
1.30%
0
Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) ;
2007: Left and Democrats (Lewica
i Demokraci, LiD)
11.3%
55
13.15%
53
German Minority (KWMN)
0.3%
2
0.2%
1
---
(12)
---
(9)
Non affiliated deputies
s.24.
Elections - Senate
• Single round multiple-winner majoritarian
system
• Electoral districts are apportioned plural seats
(usually 2) but voter may vote for one
candidate only
• Tallying by plurality (or relative majority,
called “first past the post”, “winners take all”)
s.25.
Elections - Presidential and
Mayors’
• Single round or two rounds single-winner
system
• Top-two runoff voting if no majority in the
first round.
s.26.
Elections - Self-government
councils
• Small municipalities (up to 20,000 inh.) - bloc voting
(plurality-at-large voting). Bullets may be arranged
by party lists or not.
• Bigger municipalities, counties and regions - system
identical to that used for Sejm, except that untill
2002 the Sainte-Laguë method of tallying was used
(division by odd numbes, instead of that by natural
numbers)
• Additional possibility - parties (committees) may
form blocks in order to pass the support threshold
criterion, which influences also the redistribution of
seats, but does not oblige the parties to form a
s.27.
coalition afterwards.
Elections - county and region
board members/chiefs
• Indirect - by the local / regional deputies
(council members)
• May be from within or outside of the group
of council members
s.28.
Elections hamlets/district/quarter councils
• No party lists on bullets.
• Single round majoritarian voting.
• The city (town) makes its own regulation of
voting with additional conditions, e.g. by
setting a participation threshold.
s.29.
Elections - village chiefs (sołtys)
• The only type of elections where people
elect the chief while gathered during a
village meeting.
• Multiple round plurality voting - exhaustive
runoff election (no candidates eliminated,
voting repeated until there is a majority).
s.30.
links
• http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm
- The Constitution of Poland
• http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/introannex_regions_en.html
- NUTS
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_parliamentary_election,_2005.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_parliamentary_election,_2007
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_presidential_election,_2005.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_local_elections,_2006.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_parliament_election,_2004_(Poland)
.html
s.31.
Thank you
Dr Maciej St. Zięba
John Paul II
Catholic University of Lublin
Office of the
Voivod of Lublin
History of Philosophy
Department
Department for Management
of European Funds
[email protected]
[email protected]
tel. (+48-81) 445-40-42
fax: 445-41-65
tel. (+48-81) 74-24-522
fax: 74-24-316
s.32.