Chapter 2 Ancient Middle East and Egypt
Download
Report
Transcript Chapter 2 Ancient Middle East and Egypt
Chapter 2
Ancient Middle East and Egypt
2.1 – City-States of Ancient Sumer
Focus:
What were the characteristics of the world’s first
civilization?
Fertile Crescent
–
Stretches from the Persian
Gulf to the Mediterranean
Sea (Tigris & Euphrates)
–
World’s first civilizations
C. 3200 BC
–
Fertile- Soil
Crescent- Shape
2.1
Ancient Sumer
Mesopotamia –
“between the rivers”
– Within the Fertile
Crescent
– Between the Tigris &
Euphrates Rivers
–
–
Location of first
civilization: Sumer*
Persian Gulf
2.1
Mesopotamia
Floods & Irrigation
– Floods occur frequently
– Controlled – canals,
irrigation ditches
Few Natural Resources
– Bricks – clay & water
– Trade
– Wheeled vehicles
2.1
Sumer
Sumerian Civilization
– 12 separate city-states
– Battle to control land &
water
– War leaders evolve
Hereditary* rule
2.1
Sumerian Civilization
Government
– Ruler responsible
City walls
Irrigation system
Led army
Employed scribes
Chief servant of
gods
Led ceremonies
Society
–
Social Hierarchy:
system of ranking
groups
Ruling family
officials, high
priests
Lesser priests,
scribes, merchants,
artisans
Peasant farmers
Slaves
2.1
Sumerian Civilization
Women
– Goddesses highly
ordered
– Give women higher
social ranking than
later civilizations
– Rights not equal to
men
2.1
Sumerian Civilization
Religion
– Polytheistic*: worship many gods
– Ziggurat: large stepped platform topped by a temple
dedicated to the city’s chief god or goddess – rituals and
prayers
– After-life
All live in a grim underworld with no release
2.1
Sumerian Civilization
Writing (3200 BC)
–
Cuneiform:
system of writing
using wedge-shaped
marks on clay tablets
Earliest known form
of writing (myths,
prayers, laws,
contracts)
2.1
Sumerian Civilization
Legacy
–
–
–
1900 BC – Sumerian civilization replaced by other
civilizations & empires
Conquerors adopt ideas
Developed astronomy
–
Movement of planets & stars
Mathematics
Number system based on 6
–
60 minute hour
– 360 degree circle
2.2
FIRST EMPIRES
2.2 – First Empires in Mesopotamia
Focus: How did various strong rulers unite the lands of
the Fertile Crescent into well-organized empires?
Sargon (2300 BC)
– Ruler of Akkad
– Conquers Sumer city-states
– First empire in history
– Collapses after his death
2.2
First Empires in Mesopotamia
Hammurabi (1700 BC)
King of Babylon
Hammurabi’s Code* – first written law code (~300)
Codify – arrange and set down in writing
–
“eye for an eye & a life for a life”
Civil Law – private rights – taxes, marriage, divorce,
property
Criminal Law – offenses against others – robbery,
assault, murder
2.2
First Empires in
Mesopotamia
Hittites (1400-1200 BC)
– From Asia Minor
– Skill
how to make
Iron*
– Sharper,
harder,
durable
2.2
First Empires in Mesopotamia
Assyrians (1350 BC)
–
–
–
–
–
Feared warriors
Ordered Society
Laws for royal household
First libraries
612 BC - defeated
Assyrians
Skinning Alive
2.2
First Empires in Mesopotamia
Babylon (625 BC) –
largest city
– King
Nebuchadnezzar
– Rebuilt canals,
temples, walls, &
palaces
– Hanging Gardens
2.2
First Empires in Mesopotamia
Persia
– 539 BC – Conquer
Babylon
– Cyrus the Great
Largest empire –
Asia Minor to
India
Policy of
tolerance to those
conquered**
2.2
Persia - Mesopotamia
Persians Conquer
Babylonians
Persians:
Barter Economy
– exchange a good or
service for another
Money Economy
– Good paid for through
exchange of token
2.2
Persia - Mesopotamia
Persian Religion
– Zoroaster (600 BC) –
Persian religious thinker
Taught of a “single” wise
god (Monotheistic)
Spoke of a heaven, hell
and judgment day.
2.2
First Empires in Mesopotamia
Phoenicians- (Sailors)
–
–
–
Occupied cities along eastern Mediterranean
coast
Colony – territory settled and ruled by people
from another land
“carriers of civilization”
Alphabet – each symbol represents a single basic sound
22 symbols
Greeks add vowels
Phoenician Colonies
Phoenician Alphabet
2.3
KINGDOM OF THE NILE
2.3 – Kingdom on the Nile
Focus: How did the Nile influence the rise of the powerful
civilization of Egypt?
Nile
– 4,100 miles; longest
river in the world
– “Backwards”
–
–
Northward flow
Black Land – fertile
land (10 miles wide)
Red Land – desert
2.3 - Egypt
Floods
–
–
–
Reservoirs (dry season)
Irrigation
Yearly Flood
Floods in July
Recedes in October
Flood – Plant – Harvest
Silt- fertilizer
2.3 - Egypt
Geography
– Upper Egypt (South)
–
From first cataracts*,
waterfall & rapids, to 100
miles from Med. Sea
Lower Egypt (North)
Delta region – triangular
marshlands; Nile empties
into the Med. Sea
Trade winds- blow in
reverse- Southward
2.3 – Egypt
Old Kingdom
Old Kingdom
–
Dynasty – ruling family; power passes from one
ruler to another
Pharaohs – Egyptian kings
– Human & divine
– Absolute Power – own & rule all land
– Bureaucracy* – system of government made up of
different jobs and authority levels
– Vizier* – chief minister who supervises goverment
Various depts. – taxes, farming, etc.
2.3 - Egypt
Old Kingdom
Great Pyramids
–
Tombs where deceased
live for eternity
–
Originally reserved for
Royalty
2.3 - Egypt
Middle Kingdom
Turbulent period
– Nile doesn’t flood
regularly
– Corruption & rebellion
1700 BC
– Hyksos take over (100
year rule)
– Introduce horse-drawn
war chariot
– Adopted Egyptian
culture
2.3 – Egypt
New Kingdom
Hatshepsut (1472-1458
BC) – first female ruler;
encouraged trade
Thutmose III –
Hatshepsut’s stepson;
took over after
becoming an adult
– Warlike
– Stretched borders to
greatest extent
2.3 – Egypt
New Kingdom
Ramses II (1279-1213 BC)
– Battles – Hittites vs.
Egyptians
– First recorded peace
treaty
– 99 years old – 150
children
2.3 - Egypt
Nubia
–
–
–
–
South of Egypt
Trade & fight with Egypt
Provide ivory, cattle, &
slaves
Conquered by Egypt
during the New Kingdom
2.3 - Egypt
Decline
–
332 BC – last
Egyptian dynasty
ended; Greeks
control
2.4
Egyptian Life
2.4- Egypt
Focus: How did religion and learning play important
roles in ancient Egyptian civilization?
Religion
– most important
gods are associated
with the sun and the
Nile
Amon-Re* – lord of the
Gods; gave pharaohs
right to rule & judged
their actions
2.4 - Egypt
Osiris
– God of the dead;
judges the soul
– God of the Nile;
controls the flood
Isis
– Daily lives of women
2.4 - Egypt
Afterlife
– Anubis- weighed soul
– Osiris judges soul
Aton- Eater of the
Dead
Happy Field of Food
Book of the Dead*
–
Spells, charms, and
formulas to survive the
underworld journey
2.4 - Egypt
Mummification
– Preservation of
body by embalming
and wrapping in
cloth
– Body was
preserved for the
soul- in the
afterlife
2.4 – Egypt
Social Hierarchy
Pharaoh & Royal Family
Government
Merchants, Scribes, & Artisans
Peasant Farmers*
*Slaves were considered
property not people and
were only outnumbered by
peasant farmers.
2.4 - Egypt
Social Class
– Peasants
Off-season: build
palaces, temples, &
tombs
– Women
Inherit property, buy
& sell goods,
divorce
Excluded from
government jobs &
becoming scribes
2.4 – Egypt
Writing
Hieroglyphics*
– Using pictures of
symbols to
represent objects,
concepts, or sounds
– Record important
economic, royal, &
official historical
information
2.4 – Egypt
Writing
Papyrus
– Plant that grows along
the banks of the Nile
– Paperlike writing
material
– Some of the world’s
first paper
2.4 – Egypt
Writing
Rosetta Stone*
– Passage carved on flat,
black stone in
hieroglyphics, demotic
script, and Greek
–
Decipher meaning of
many hieroglyphs
–
Key to unlocking ancient
language
2.4 – Egypt
Science & Mathematics
Medicine
–
–
–
Astronomy
–
Human body –
mummification
Surgical operations
prosthetics
Calendar: 12 months of
30 days
Mathematics
–
Geometry
Survey land
Construction of
pyramids & temples
2.5- Roots of Judaism
Judaism (2,000 BC)- 4,000 years ago
Developed by the Israelites- Hebrews
Israel- Western End of Fertile Crescent
2.5- Roots of Judaism
The Israelites were monotheistic
– One god- opposite of polytheistic
Making Judaism the world’s first monotheistic religion
Believed in an omnipotent (powerful all knowing) god
2.5- Roots of Judaism
Events were connected through God and God’s will
The events and laws of Israel were written in the central text:
The Torah
–
–
First Five book of the Hebrew Bible
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
2.5- Roots of Judaism
The Torah:
Told of Abraham
– Lived near Ur (Mesopotamia)
– Family migrated to Canaan
– Considered the Father of the Israelites
–
Made a covenant with God Binding Agreement
2.5- Roots of Judaism
The Covenant had two declarations:
–
One- The Israelites would have a special
relationship with God- (God’s people)
–
Two- Canaan would be the land of the
Israelites or their “Promised Land”
2.5- Roots of Judaism
Moses-
Later renewed God’s covenant
Israelites were forced into Egypt (famine)
Saved the Israelites from bondage/ slavery (Egypt)
– Moved back to Canaan
2.5- Roots of Judaism
David:
2nd King of Israel
United the nation (12 Tribes)
Solomon
David’s Son
Made Jerusalem the capital (beautiful)
Projects were costly- high taxes- revolts
Israel began to fall apart- no longer untied
Israel conquered by Assyrians- Babylonians- Persians
2.5- Roots of Judaism
Over the course of being
captured many Israelites were
forced to move:
Many moved south of Israel to
Judah- The Tribe of Judah
This is where the term Jew
comes from.
2.5- Roots of Judaism
Judaism:
Torah sometimes called the “Book of the Law”
–
–
Some laws dealt with cleanliness and food preparation
“Kosher”
Society was male dominated – patriarchal
– Men made decision in the home
– In government
– Women did have some rights
2.5- Roots of Judaism
Prophet’s of Judaism warned to not break God’s
laws and have strong ethics
–
–
moral standards of behavior
Like “acting right” or Comet Code
At the heart of these laws are:
The Ten Commandments
–
Laws that include keeping the Sabbath holy
Day of rest and worship
Jewish people (Saturday)
2.5- Roots of Judaism
After returning from Babylonian captivity
Many Jews moved throughout the world
This dispersion of the Jewish people is known as:
– The Diaspora