Transcript American Westward Expansion

American Westward Expansion
Unit 3
U.S. Territorial Expansion
A. 1783:
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Land received from Great Britain at end of
Revolutionary War
B. 1803: Louisiana Purchase
• President Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory
from France for $15 million
C. 1818:
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Land received in treaty with Great Britain
U.S. Expansion
D. 1819: Spanish Cession
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U.S. receives Florida territory from Spain,
known as the Spanish Cession
E. 1845: Texas Annexation
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U.S. acquired the Texas Annexation 10 years
after winning independence from Mexico
F. 1846: Oregon country
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Obtained Oregon country from Great Britain
after 28 years of joint occupation
U.S. Expansion
G. 1848: Mexican Cession
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Gained the Mexican Cession after defeating
Mexico in Mexican-American War
H. 1853: Gadsden Purchace
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Gadsden Purchase obtained from Mexico for
$10 million, provided level ground for transcontinental railroad
States’ map
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Delaware
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
Georgia
Connecticut
Massachusetts
Maryland
South Carolina
New Hampshire
Virginia
New York
North Carolina
Rhode Island
Vermont
Kentucky
Tennessee
Ohio
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Louisiana
Indiana
Mississippi
Illinois
Alabama
Maine
Missouri
Arkansas
Michigan
Florida
Texas
Iowa
Wisconsin
California
Minnesota
Oregon
Kansas
States’ Quiz
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Pennsylvania (Penn)
New Jersey (NJ)
Connecticut (Conn)
Massachusetts (Mass)
Maryland (MD)
South Carolina (S.C.)
Virginia (VA)
Kentucky (Kent)
Tennessee (Tenn)
Ohio
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Louisiana (Louis)
Mississippi (Miss)
Illinois (Ill.)
Alabama (Bama)
Maine
Missouri
Michigan (Mich)
Iowa
Oregon
Kansas
U.S. Expansion
Statehood
Unit 3 Vocabulary
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Manifest Destiny •
Louisiana Purchase •
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Pony Express
Gold Rush
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Santa Fe Trail
Oregon Trail
Mormon Trail
California Trail
Westward Expansion
Causes
Effects
• Land availability
– (Louisiana
Purchase
• Booming
Population
• Conflict with
Native
Americans
Migration
West
• Wars
• “Manifest
Destiny”
– War of 1812
– Mexican
American war
Conflicts With Native Americans
• The War of 1812 ended
Native American resistance
in the Great Lakes region
– Paved the way for the
settlement of Indiana (1816)
and Illinois (1818)
• However, many Native
Americans still controlled
land in the Southeast
– Alabama, Mississippi
Conflicts With Native Americans
• Many American farmers
coveted the land Natives
lived on
– The ‘five civilized tribes’
• To open the land for white
settlement, President
Andrew Jackson signed the
‘Indian Removal Act of 1830’
– Relocated Native Americans
on to “Indian Territory”
– Present day Oklahoma
Conflicts With Native Americans
• The U.S. army forced
over 50,000 Natives off
of their land
– Over 10,000 die
– Conditions were
miserable
– Cherokee experienced
the ‘Trail of Tears’
• Seminole men fought
back, and some still live
in Florida today
Mexican American War
Causes
• Annexation of Texas
– Texas was not recognized
by Mexico as an
independent nation
• Boundary dispute
between U.S. and
Mexico
• U.S. expansion and
Manifest Destiny
Mexican American War
Effects
• Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo
• Mexican Cession
• Gadsden Purchase
• Would indirectly
contribute to the civil
war
Quiz #1
• Territorial Expansion
map with notes
• Story of Us: Westward
video questions
• Unit 3 vocab.
• Notes
– Westward Expansion
– Conflict with Native
Americans
– Mexican American War
• Reading
– War of 1812
– War with Mexico
Quiz #1
1. Explain what Manifest Destiny is. Also,
describe the major ways the United States
was able to fulfill its Manifest Destiny.
2. Describe two examples of conflict that
resulted from Manifest Destiny and US
expansion
3. In your opinion, did fulfilling Manifest
Destiny bring about more positive or
negative effects. Try to use specific
examples to explain your answer.
Conflicts with Native Americans
• Much of the land acquired after the
American Revolution was controlled by
Native American groups
– Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and
Chickasaw were most popular
– Known as the ‘Five Civilized Tribes’
– As farm land was becoming scarce in the East,
white Americans coveted Indians’ lands
Conflicts with Native Americans
• To allow for whites to settle the new land,
President Andrew Jackson supported the Indian
Removal Act of 1830
– Called for the forced relocation of 53,000 Native
Americans onto Indian territory
– Choctaw, Creek, and Chickasaw were forced to march
hundreds of miles, where many died of exposure,
malnutrition, and disease
– Seminole Indians fought back, many died
– Cherokee’s took the infamous ‘trail of tears,’ where
over 4,000 died
Causes
Westward Expansion II
1840 - 1860
Effects
• Land availability
– (Mexican Cession)
• Gold, Silver,
beaver fur
• Entrepreneurs,
businessmen
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“Manifest
Destiny”
• Booming
Population
(immigration)
Migration
West
• Continued
conflict with
Native
Americans
• Conflict over the
‘balance of
power’ between
free states and
slave states
• Civil War
Westward Migration
• By 1869, over 300,000
migrants had followed
overland trails to the West
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Santa Fe Trail
Oregon Trail
Mormon Trail
California Trail
• Most were farmers,
miners, trappers, or
seeking religious freedom
Westward Migration
• Until the telegraph links
the East and West coast
in 1861, the ‘Butterfield
Trail’ and ‘Pony Express’
carried mail and
communication
Early Immigration
• In the 1840s and 1850s a wave of Irish and German
immigrants entered the United States
– Approximately 3 million by 1860 (12% of the nations
population)
Early Immigration
• Irish Immigrants
– Experienced the
‘Great Irish Famine’
from 1845 – 1849
– The Blight
– Very poor Irish
escaped starvation
and eviction
– 1.5 million
emigrated to the
U.S. by 1854
Early Immigration
Irish Immigrants
German Immigrants
• Faced extreme prejudice,
discrimination, and hostility
– Roman-Catholics
– Very poor
– Settled in cities in large
numbers
– Worked for low wages,
threatening American
workers
• Faced less discrimination
and hostility
– Protestants
– Middle Class
– Spread across the
country
– More opportunities for
work and landownership
Early Immigration
Early Immigration
Effects of German/Irish Immigration
• More Americans migrating to the West
– Due to competition for work and demand for land
• Feelings of ‘nativism’ – opposition to immigration
(and immigrants)
• The American Party (previously the ‘Know-Nothings’)
- a political party with the main issue of protecting
the interests of “Americans”
Westward Expansion Conflict
• The Missouri Compromise
admitted Missouri as a
‘slave state’ and Maine as a
‘free state’
– Maintained the equal
balance of power in the
Senate
– Created the ‘Missouri
Compromise Line’ which
determined where slavery
could be practiced in the
Louisiana territory
Westward Expansion Conflict
• After winning the
Mexican-American war,
the U.S. added new
territory
– Anti-slavery northerners
wanted to prevent
slavery from spreading
– Southerners supported
slavery in these regions
– Would renew conflict in
1850
Westward Expansion Conflict
The Compromise of 1850
– Admitted California as a
free state
– Gave popular
sovereignty to the Utah
and New Mexico
territory
– A Fugitive Slave Act was
also passed to appease
the South
Westward Expansion Conflict
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Repealed the Missouri Compromise
• Created Kansas and Nebraska Territories
• Allowed for popular sovereignty in those
territories
Fight for the West
• The Great Plains region
was considered the
Last Frontier
The Indian Wars
• As white settlers began streaming into the
West, Native Americans and white settlers
fought over control of the land.
Essential Questions
• 1. What is Manifest Destiny?
• 2. How did Manifest Destiny lead into the
conflicts with Mexico, Native American
Tribes, and within the United States
• 3. How did the purchase of the Louisiana
Territory Impact Expansion?
Louisiana Purchase
• Thomas Jefferson saw the need for more land and
the benefits the Mississippi River would be for
trade and commerce.
• Jefferson made the
Louisiana Purchase
for 80 million Francs,
About $15 million
from the French.
• The purchase doubled
the territory of the
United States
Manifest Destiny
• By 1840 the Population in America was six times what
it was during the American Revolution, and the
country had expanded to about twice the size.
• Americans felt they had a “God Given” right to all
North America. This idea was called “Manifest
Destiny”.
• Expansion and the push west began rapidly. The
impact on the land would change the country, as well
as the interactions with the native peoples, and also
other powerful empires occupying the western
territories of North America
Reasons for Westward Expansion
• “Manifest Destiny”
• “Mountain Men” looking to make money in
the trap and trade business
• Gold and Silver
• Farmers looking for large plots of land
• With farmers came:
– Entrepreneurs, Shopkeepers, Carpenters,
Businessmen.. Etc…
U.S. Expansion
• Look at the map of American trails on page 298
– Write each trail in your notebook, as well as where
they began and where they ended
• Read about the Santa Fe trail, Oregon trail, and
Mormon trail on pages 297-298. Write a brief
description of each that includes the reason for
people leaving (taking the trail) and
difficulties/obstacles they had to overcome
Notebook Check
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Unit 2 vocab.
Drafting the Constitution Q&A
Forging New Republic Q&A
Unit 3 vocab.
American Trails West
Mexican-American War Q&A
Quiz #1
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Unit 3 vocab.
Notes
Territorial Expansion map
War With Mexico Q&A
Quiz #1
1. What is Manifest Destiny?
2. What are two major conflicts that were the
result of Manifest Destiny and the push
westward?
3. How did Thomas Jefferson contribute to
Manifest Destiny?
4. What were three reasons Americans
migrated to the west during the 1800s?
Quiz #1
5. How did the United States acquire the land
that is today New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada
and California?
6. What law forced 53,000 Native Americans to
be forcibly relocated onto ‘Indiana
Territory’?
7. What did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
do?
Essential Questions
4. What issues divided the regions of the
United States?
5. What major economic, political, and cultural
differences existed between the Northern
states, Southern states, and western
territories?
6. What conflict existed that led to the
Missouri Compromise? What did the
Missouri Compromise do?
Unit 3 vocab. (cont.)
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States’ rights
Industrial Revolution
Cotton belt
King Cotton
Abolition movement
Frederick Douglass*
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Stephen Douglas*
Popular sovereignty
Nativism
Lincoln-Douglas
debates
• Jefferson Davis*
• Confederate States of
America
A Nation Divided
• During the 1800s, new developments and
issues divided the United States
1. Slavery – free states vs. slave states
2. States’ rights – nullification crisis
3. Economic policy – industrial North vs. agricultural
South
A Nation Divided
• The South was a
completely agricultural
economy
• In the North
manufacturing and trade
was the base for economy
A Nation Divided
• Trade and industry in the
North led to the growth
of cities (urbanization)
– Northern business relied
on technology and
efficiency
• South relied on slave
labor, remained very rural
A Nation Divided
• The North valued
change, progress, and
diversity
• The South valued
tradition
• North saw slavery as an • South saw slavery as
evil
vital to their way of life
A Nation Divided
• In 1818, there were 22 states; 11 free states
and 11 slave states
– This ratio balanced power between free (north)
and slave (south) states
• As more Americans migrated west, territories
began to seek admittance into the United
States
A Nation Divided
Slave population
4500000
4000000
3500000
3000000
2500000
Slave
population
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
0
A Nation Divided
• In 1816 Congress passed a tariff (tax on
imports) on British manufactured goods, and
increased the tariff in 1824 and 1828
• Industrialists in the north supported this
tariff, but southerners were very much
against it.
• Why?
A Nation Divided
• John C. Calhoun, Andrew
Jackson’s Vice President,
believed states could nullify,
or reject, laws passed by
congress
– Especially if they thought it was
unconstitutional or hurt the
state
– This is called Nullification
Theory
A Nation Divided
• When congress passed a tariff in 1832, South
Carolina declared it ‘null and void’
– They threatened to ‘secede,’ or withdraw, from
the Union
– This event is known as the ‘Nullification Crisis’
• The Nullification Crisis was eventually
resolved by Henry Clay, but the issue over
States’ Rights would continue to divide the
nation
Essential Questions
7. How did the following events contribute to,
or help cause, the civil war:
– Compromise of 1850?
– Kansas-Nebraska Act?
– Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
– Dred Scott decision?
– Election of Abraham Lincoln?
The Nation Splits Apart
• Two laws were put in place to settle these
disputes
1. The Compromise of 1850
2. The Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Nation Splits Apart
Fugitive Slave Act
• Federal crime to assist runaway slaves
• Allowed the arrest of escaped slaves
• Law was openly resisted by Northerners
– Mobs rescued slaves from police stations
– Threatened slave catchers
• Slave holders were angered by Northerners
actions and threatened secession
Assignment
• Imagine that you are a journalists for the
nationally read newspaper The American
Herald, it is October of 1860, and you have
been assigned to write a ‘decade in review’
article of the past 10 years
• The country is aware that a Civil War is
eminent, and you want your article to be
explanation as to why the Civil War is going
to happen
Assignment
• Use the ‘Causes of the Civil War’ handout to
guide the issues that you write about in your
newspaper article
• You must pick 2 of either: 1, 2, 4, or 10
• You must pick 3 of either: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9
• You will research your textbook and possible
other sources to get information to support
your article
Assignment
• The article should be 2-pages typed
• Be written in the style of a newspaper article
• Use supporting evidence/facts from research
• Can be in support of South, North, or
unbiased
• There are opportunities for additional credit
• Will count towards your report/project grade
The Nation Splits Apart
2. The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Repealed the Missouri
Compromise of 1820
• Gave popular sovereignty
to Kansas-Nebraska
territory, opening them up
to slavery
The Nation Splits Apart
• Led to ‘Bleeding
Kansas’
• The Kansas-Nebraska
Act led to people of
many political parties
(Free-soil party,
northern Whigs,
northern Democrats)
that opposed slavery
to join forces
• Created the
Republican Party
The Nation Splits Apart
• In 1851 Harriet Beecher
Stowe published Uncle
Tom’s Cabin
– Described the cruelties of
Slave life in the South
– Became a bestseller
– Raised awareness about
the issue
– Outraged the South, who
accused her of writing lies
The Nation Splits Apart
Dred Scott decision 1857
John Brown’s Raid 1859
• Increased Northern
opposition to slavery
• Deprived free African
Americans of citizenship if
they were descendants of
slaves
• Increased tension
between North and South
• Further divided
Democratic Party
• Increased Southern fears
of slave rebellions
• United white southerners
in support of slavery
• May have speeded the
coming of the Civil War
Election of 1860
• In 1858, Abraham
Lincoln and Stephen
Douglas held a series of
debates for the US
Senate
– Known as the LincolnDouglas debates
– Representing Illinois
Election of 1860
“A house divided against
• This quote suggested
itself cannot stand. I
that Lincoln didn’t
believe this government
want to only prevent
cannot endure,
the spread of slavery
permanently half slave and
• Slave holders were
half free. I do not expect
convinced Lincoln was
the union to be dissolved –
an abolitionists
I do not expect the house
to fall – but I do expect it
• Brought Lincoln
will cease to be divided. It
national attention
will become all one thing or
all the other.”
Election of 1860
• Stephen Douglas argued for popular
sovereignty in the states and territories
– Though he supported states choosing to not
allow slavery
– Douglas’ views made him lose support of
Southern Democrats, which would eventually
split the Democratic Party
Election of 1860
• Election results showed
the divisions between
North and South
(Free/Slave)
– Lincoln won with only
40% of popular vote
– Due in part to split in
Democratic Party
The South Secedes
• November 13, 1860,
South Carolina
seceded from the U.S.
– Due to the perception
Lincoln wanted to
abolish slavery
– States in the Lower
South followed
“Do the people of the South really
entertain fears that a Republican
administration would interfere with
their slaves, or with them about
their slaves? If they do, I wish to
assure you…that there is no cause
for such fears.” -Abraham Lincoln
The South Secedes
• In February 1861, the
seven seceded states
met to form a new
nation
• The Confederate
States of America
– Chose Jefferson Davis
as President
Quiz #2
• Notes:
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Unit 3 vocab.
A Nation Divided
The Nation Splits Apart
Election of 1860
• Reading:
– The Industrial North Q&A
– Land of Cotton Q&A
• Handout:
– Causes of Civil War
Quiz #2
1. What economic differences existed between the
North and the South? How did these differences
lead to political and cultural differences in these
regions as well?
2. What is urbanization? Where in the U.S. was this
happening?
3. Describe the impact the Cotton Gin had on the
South.
4. What issue(s) did the Missouri Compromise, the
Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act
try to resolve? Were they successful? Explain…
Quiz #2
5. Choose 3 of the following and briefly say what
they were and how they created conflict
between North/South:
a) States’ rights
b) Fugitive Slave Act
c) ‘Bleeding Kansas’
d) Uncle Tom’s Cabin
e) Dred Scott decision
f) Election of 1860
Exam essay question
• Two of the most significant developments of
the 1800s is Manifest Destiny and the Civil
War. In a short essay describe how these two
occurrences are connected. In your essay
explain what Manifest Destiny is, how it was
fulfilled, and how it is a cause of the Civil War