Middle Ages 500

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Transcript Middle Ages 500

Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.

Development of France and England

Development of France and England Germanic tribes – migrate across Europe – push/pull factors – herders and farmers – different culture from Romans – carve Western Europe into small kingdoms

Development of France Franks: 400-700 A.D.

– strongest of Germanic tribes •

Clovis

– conquered Gaul –

united Franks in central Europe

– converted to Christianity (religion of Gaul people) –

supported by Pope

– Merovingians

Development of France

Charles Martel

– Carolingian –

rallied Frankish warriors against Moors (Muslims)

Battle of Tours – 732 A.D.

– Charles Martel stopped Muslim advance into Europe – Pope pleased with Carolingians (Muslims were threat to papacy)

Development of France •

Charlemagne

– Hero of Middle Ages • (Holy Barbarian, Charles the Great) – 46 year reign – loved to battle – organized kingdom of Franks with laws –

builds empire

• conquests

reunited much of old Roman empire

– In 800, Pope Leo III asks for help with nobles rebelling in Rome • Frankish armies crush rebellion –

crowned Holy Roman Emperor for helping pope

• Christmas day 800 in Rome • thus was born the Holy Roman Empire

Development of France •

Charlemagne

– wanted a united Christian Europe • worked with Church to spread Christianity – appointed powerful nobles to rule regions • gave them land (fiefs) –

missi dominici

• •

officials

sent out by Charlemagne

controlled provincial rulers (nobles)

– ordered one of first great migrations • made hundreds of thousands move to Russia if they didn’t want to become Christians

Charlemagne

Development of France •

Treaty of Verdun

in 843 A.D.

– divided empire: Italy, Germany, France • Feudalism and manorialsim flourished – feudal warfare • Successors to Charlemagne had little power over great feudal nobles

Development of England • Angles, Saxons, and Vikings settled in England • Feudalism developed • English rulers kept kingdom united • 1066 King Edward the Confessor dies – no heir – council of nobles chose

Harold

Development of England •

Duke William of Normandy

– claims throne – raises army – backed by pope •

Battle of Hastings in 1066

– –

William and knights defeat King Harold last invasion of England

Battle of Hastings

Development of England • Bayeux Tapestry – chronicles Norman conquest – http://www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk

– valuable piece of historical evidence

Development of England •

William the Conqueror → King William I

– crowned king of England Christmas day 1066 – French-speaking nobles dominated England – over next 300 years, gradual blending of Norman-French & Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, traditions –

Latin influence on English language

Development of England •

King William I

– firm control – fiefs to Church and Norman lords – monitored who built castles and where •

Domesday Book - 1086

– complete and thorough census – helped build efficient tax collecting system – no one could escape • name compared to God’s final judgment day

Development of England •

Henry II

– 1154 inherits throne – expanded customs into law (royal law) • sent traveling justices to enforce – foundations of English

Common Law

• legal system based on custom and court rulings • protects property – early

jury system

– married Eleanor of Aquitaine

Development of England and France •

Eleanor of Aquitaine

– first married to France’s King Louis VII –

joined Second Crusade

wore armor and rode horse

with other Crusaders – she ended marriage to Louis VII – married England’s King Henry II – 8 children • •

Richard (“the Lion-Hearted”) John

– spurred several sons to overthrow Henry II – revolt failed – 15 years in prison

Eleanor of Aquitaine

• Development of England

Richard I

– known as “the Lion-Hearted” – freed Eleanor from prison – popular national hero – reigned 10 years, less than 1 year in England –

spent reign fighting, causing debt and taxes

a leader of Third Crusade

• went for religious reasons • John ruled England for him – on way home, captured • held prisoner 14 months until ransomed at great cost – brother John attempted to take English throne – dies without heir

Richard I (Lionheart) John I

Development of England and France •

John I

– faced 3 powerful enemies •

King Philip II of France

lost war & all of England’s land in France

English expelled from France

Pope Innocent III

– battled over selection of Archbishop of Canterbury –

excommunicated John and placed England under interdict

• English nobles – angered by oppressive taxes & other abuses of power

Development of England •

John I

provoked English nobles into revolt

– economic difficulties and high inflation –

civil war

• nobles took sides for or against John – forced to sign

Magna Carta in 1215

• “Great Charter”

Development of England •

Magna Carta - 1215

– 1 st document in English history where monarch does not have complete or absolute power • created

limited monarchy

– ideas still influence systems of government in many countries around world today

Development of England •

Magna Carta - 1215

– –

places King of England under law statement of civil liberties for noblemen

• protects privileges of lords • recognizes legal rights of townspeople and Church – king agrees not to raise taxes without consulting the

Great Council

– representative body of lords and clergy –

in 1200s, evolves into Parliament

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Evolution of English Government

Norman Conquest 1066

= William of Normandy defeats Anglo-Saxons at Hastings.

1086

Domesday Book

= William I uses this survey as a basis for taxation.

1160s –1180s Common Law

= Henry II lays foundation for English legal system.

1215 Magna Carta

= John signs this document limiting royal power and extending rights.

Model Parliament 1295

= Edward I summons Parliament, which includes representatives of common people.

Development of England •

Parliament

– developed into

2 house legislature

House of Lords

– nobles and high clergy (upper house) •

House of Commons

– knights and middle-class citizens, or commoners (lower house) – over centuries, gained crucial

“power of the purse”

• • right to approve new taxes

checked or limited power of monarch

– many practices of U.S. Congress have roots in practices of British Parliament

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Successful Monarchs in France

Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom. However, under strong Capetian kings, such as Philip II and Louis IX, they slowly increased royal power.

Philip II Capetians

Granted charters to new towns Introduced a standing army Filled government positions with loyal middle class officials Introduced new national tax Quadrupled land holdings made the throne hereditary added to their lands by playing rival nobles against each other won the support of the Church built an effective bureaucracy

Louis IX

Checked up on local officials Expanded royal courts Outlawed private wars.

Ended serfdom in his lands Left France an efficient, centralized monarchy

Development of France •

Hugh Capet

, count of Paris – nobles elect him to throne 987 A.D.

– weak, no threat to powerful nobles – lands smaller than many of his vassals – he and heirs

increase royal powers

play rival nobles against each other

– increase royal lands – won support of Church and middle-class townspeople

Development of France •

Philip II

– also known as

Philip Augustus

defeated John I and expelled English

– most powerful ruler in Europe before death in 1223 – strengthened royal government • used paid middle-class officials (more loyal) instead of nobles • quadrupled royal land holdings

Development of France •

Louis IX

– most admired of his time – generous, noble, devoted to justice & chivalry – deeply religious,

declared a saint

– led France in 2 wars against Muslims – improved royal government • outlawed private wars • ended serfdom • created strong national feeling (nationalism) – established

absolute monarchy

(complete authority) – St. Louis named for Louis IX

Louis IX – St. Louis

Development of France •

Philip IV

– –

established Estates General tried to collect new taxes from clergy

• threatened to arrest those who did not pay – power struggle with

Pope Boniface VIII

forbade taxation of clergy without papal consent

• threatened to excommunicate clergy who paid – seized Boniface when traveling near French border • escaped, but badly beaten • humiliated and never returned to Rome • died the next year

Development of France •

Estates General

– established by

Philip IV

in 1302 in attempt to tax clergy • caused

Babylonian Captivity

• led to

Great Schism

French legislature

• includes reps from all 3 estates, or classes – clergy, nobles, townspeople – did not develop same role at British Parliament •

never gained power of purse

• never served as balance to royal power

Development of France and England • France

– Absolute Monarchy

• England

– Limited Monarchy