Chapter 3: Education That is Multicultural Multicultural education is developed through

: - diversity - equality - social justice

Goal of multicultural education:

- to help students learn and reach their potential, regardless of SES, ethnicity, race, gender, religion, and ability or disability

Curriculum in multicultural education

: - value diversity, draw on cultural experiences, support democracy and equity - all content should be presented through viewpoints of different groups - help students understand there is more than one perspective on the interpretation of events and facts - Ex. Tasting ethnic foods, celebrating black history month

Equity Requires that all teaching is culturally relevant

- classrooms and schools are models of democracy

Achieving equity:

1. Place student at center of learning process 2. Promote human rights and respect for cultural diff.

3. Believe ALL students can learn 4. Acknowledge and build on histories and experiences of students microcultural memberships 5. Help students understand racism, sexism, classism, discrimination 6. Critique society in the interest of social justice and equality 7. Participate in collective social action to ensure a democratic society

Undergirding Tenets People fought for equal education throughout history

- women, low income families, oppresses ethnic and religious groups

Brown v. Board of Education (Supreme Court, 1954)

- separate-but-equal education for black and white students declared illegal

Civil Rights (1960’s)

- new curriculum content about various ethnic groups - emphasis on equity for women, disabilities, limited-English speakers

Social justice and equality remain goals for society

- to be modeled in classrooms and schools

Diversity Discussion of multiculturalism

-

side 1

: promotion of diversity will strengthen the nation -

side 2

: promotion of diversity will divide the nation and lead to conflict

Western tradition is denigrated as diversity is highlighted Outgrowth of discussion has led to

establishment of general education requirements for ethnic, women’s and global studies in colleges and universities

Diverse student body and faculty allow for

interactions in authentic settings with people from different backgrounds

Social Justice and Equality Justice

- related to fairness, moral rightness, equity

Social Justice

- focuses on how we help others in the community who are not as advantaged as we are - ethic of social justice is essential in teaching - requires all schools to provide all students equal access to a high-quality education

Schools reflect on inequities of the broader society

See page 110 Fairness

Antiracist Ed. V. Multiculturalism Ed.: The critique See page 110

Culture of the School Most students are subjected to the same curriculum Traditions in the school

- regional influences, social structure, location of the school - sports, activities - rural schools emphasize Future Farmers of America, agricultural programs, 4H clubs Read Jean Anyon’s article

Curriculum 4 types of curriculum

: 1. Overt curriculum 2. Hidden curriculum 3. Extra/ co-curriculum 4. Null curriculum

Culturally Relevant teaching Preferred teaching and learning styles

- embedded in cultural backgrounds and experiences

Making generalizations

about culturally diverse learners is very dangerous

Many differences exist

among members of the same group

Culturally relevant teaching is complex Teacher must:

- listen to and observe students and parents - assess student performance to develop the most effective teaching strategy Culturally relevant teaching validates the cultures of students and communities

Building on Cultural Context

Teachers should helps students see the relationship between subject matter and the world in which they live Use students’ prior knowledge and experiences Repertoires are limited for beginning teachers - good teachers are able to draw on many different strategies Know knowledge, skills and commitments valued in cultures - some students rebel as a form of resistance against the values of dominant society Lack of understanding about cultural differences and nonverbal communication lead to student-teacher conflict Teach communication patterns of the dominant culture to all

Centering the Cultures of Students

Curriculum for all academic areas should reflect integration of principles of diversity and equality

Additive approach

- including one unit on another group sporadically 1/3 of students in US schools do not see themselves in the curriculum -Curriculum does not normally include stories of women, disabilities, English language learners, poverty, elderly

Inclusive curriculum

reflects the reality of multicultural world

Private schools grounded in different cultures

- Afrocentric, Latino, Native American, religious affiliations, single sex

Validating Student Voices

The opportunity to speak and be heard as equal

Respect for differences

is key in affirming student voices

Incorporation of voices

requires the development of listening skills and the validation of multiple perspectives, languages, dialects

Teachers encourage students

to contribute their own realities and experiences - must listen to ALL voices

Educational Challenges 1/3 of students

in US schools are from ethnic groups other than European By 2020,

more than 45%

of the school-age population will be students of color

The Challenge of Technology and Equity

Technology is important in today’s society Most of the world’s population does not have access to computers or the Internet On some Native American reservations, only 60% of residents have a telephone 2% of low income, rural homes have Internet access 50% with income $75,000+ do have access

Digital divide

- based on income, race, education, household type, geographic location - difference in access to technology tools and the Internet

More on technology

African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, women hold few technology jobs More than 90% of all schools in the country are wired with at least one Internet connection - Internet connections differ by the income levels of students

5 characteristics of a positive information society

1. Is community driven and meets real community needs?

2. Overcomes major content barriers facing the underserved 3. Provides people to help 4. Offers online content that is easy to use 5. Is sustainable

The Challenge of Gender-Sensitive Education

Traditionally, females were trained to be wives and mothers Today,

40%+ of graduates from medical and law schools

are women

Rigid definitions

limit the options and potential of both males and females

Today’s realities

: See p. 122 To promote

gender equity

, females should be encouraged to be involved in math, science, and computer science A

gender-sensitive education provides

equity to boys and girls - does not mean males and females are always treated the same

Teachers in gender-sensitive classrooms

monitor interactions among girls and boys and their own interactions with the sexes

The Challenge of Language Diversity

Immigrant students populating large cities

Language differences

used at home and at school can lead to dissonance between students, their families and school officials

Dropout rate

of English language learners is 2-2.5 times as great as for other students of the same age

Nat.’l Assoc. for the Education of Young Children

- urges teacher to encourage “the development of children’s home language while fostering the acquisition of English

Assimilationist instruction

integrates students into the dominant or mainstream culture - bilingual education, newcomer programs, sheltered instruction

Teachers as Social Activists: Thinking Critically

Critically-thinking educators

ask how and why inequities

are occurring in their classroom and school

Teaching equitably does not mean teaching everyone the same way

- helping students function effectively in multiple classroom settings and used by the students in the classroom Critical thinkers

challenge the philosophy and practices

of the dominant society that are not supportive of equity, democracy, and social justice

Practicing Equity in the Classroom Caring and fairness Teacher perceptions

may be based on personal characteristics of the student and/or group membership

Multicultural education

does not tolerate unjust practices by teachers

No discrimination

Students

learn to respect differences and to interact

within and across ethnic and cultural groups Teachers might praise some students while tending to correct and discipline others Everyone has been

raised in a racist, sexist, and classist society

in which the biases are so embedded that it is difficult for people to recognize anything other than overt signs.

Equity continued Reflecting on practice and on the practice of those you observe

- are students from different gender, economic and ethnic groups treated differently?

- are the fewer discipline and learning problems among students who are from the same background as the teacher?

- Which students receive the most assistance?

Equity

is the ability to recognize one’s own biases and make appropriate adjustments

Teaching for Social Justice Culturally relevant teaching

helps students struggle in class with social problems Racism, sexism, classism, prejudice, and discrimination

are felt differently by students of color than by members of the dominant group

Anger, denial, guilt, and affirmation of identity are critical parts of learning about and struggling with the pernicious practices that permeate most institutions.

Students from

the dominant group have never experienced discrimination

and often believe it does not exist In teaching for social justice, teacher help students understand the equalities, oppression and power struggles that are the realities of society

Social Justice continued Maxine Green

- “To teach for social justice is to teach for enhanced perception and imaginative explorations, for the recognition of social wrongs…” Students learn to apply the knowledge and skills they are learning to a local, regional , or global issue - the learning becomes authentic

Involving communities and families Parents and the community are the essential resources

in the delivery of multicultural education

Few beginning teachers

will have had direct involvement in multiple cultural communities

Learning to function effectively

in several cultural communities requires participants to be comfortable with their own background

Teachers who are most successful in helping students from diverse cultural backgrounds learn

there are those who “struggle to confront their own histories, hear the dissonance in their own profession