Transcript Slide 1

Theodore Roosevelt on horseback in the Dakota Territory in the
1880's, when he had moved west to live as a cattle rancher.
(Library of Congress.)
Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life
POINT 1: DO NOT LIVE A LIFE OF IDELNESS; A STRENUOUS
LIFE IS MUCH MORE REWARDING AND NOBLE.
• I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous
life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of
success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who
does not shrink from danger, from hardship, or from bitter toil, and who out of these
wins the splendid ultimate triumph.
• We do not admire the man of timid peace. We admire the man who embodies
victorious effort; the man who never wrongs his neighbor, who is prompt to help a
friend, but who has those virile qualities necessary to win in the stern strife of actual
life.
• A mere life of ease is not in the end a very satisfactory life, and, above all, it is a life
which ultimately unfits those who follow it for serious work in the world.
• The man must be glad to do a man's work, to dare and endure and to labor; to keep
himself, and those dependent on him. The woman must be the housewife, the
helpmeet of the homemaker, the wise and fearless mother of many healthy children.
POINT 2: ONLY THROUGH STRIFE AND STRENUOUS AND
DARING EFFORT WILL WE ACHIEVE NATIONAL GREATNESS.
• …it is only through strife, through hard and dangerous endeavor,
that we shall ultimately win the goal of true national greatness.
Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life
POINT 3: WEAKNESS IS THE GREATEST OF CRIMES. OUR NATION
HAS A RESPONSIBILTY TO BRING THE HALF-CAST NATIONS OF
THE WORLD GOOD GOVERNMENT. IF WE DO THIS WE WILL BE
GREAT, AND IF WE DO NOT WE WILL CEDE THE OPPORTUNITY TO
“BOLDER AND STRONGER PEOPLES.”
• We cannot, if we would, play the part of China, and be content to rot by inches in ignoble ease
within our borders, taking no interest in what goes on beyond them, sunk in scrambling
commercialism; heedless of higher life, the life of aspiration, of toil and risk, busying ourselves
only with the wants of our bodies for the day, until suddenly we should find, beyond a shadow of
question, what China has already found, that in this world the nation that has trained itself into
a career of unwarlike and isolated ease is bound, in the end, to go down before other nations
which have not lost the manly and adventurous qualities. If we are to be a really great people,
we must strive in good faith to play a great part in the world.
• The guns that thundered off Manila and Santiago left us echoes of glory, but they also left us a
legacy of duty. If we drove out a mediaeval tyranny only to make room for savage anarchy, we
had better not begun the task at all. It is worse than idle to say that we have no duty to perform,
and can leave to their fates the islands we have conquered. Such a course would be a course of
infamy. It would be followed at once by utter chaos in the wretched islands themselves. Some
stronger, manlier power would have to step in and do the work, and we would have shown
ourselves weaklings, unable to carry to successful completion the labors that great and highspirited nations are eager to undertake.
Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life
POINT 3 (CONTINUED): WEAKNESS IS THE GREATEST OF
CRIMES. OUR NATION HAS A RESPONSIBILTY TO BRING THE HALFCAST NATIONS OF THE WORLD GOOD GOVERNMENT. IF WE DO THIS
WE WILL BE GREAT, AND IF WE DO NOT WE WILL CEDE THE
OPPORTUNITY TO “BOLDER AND STRONGER PEOPLES.”
• The Philippines offer a yet graver problem. Their population includes halfcaste and native Christians, warlike Moslems, and wild pagans. Many of their
people are utterly unfit for self-government and show no signs of becoming fit.
• Resistance [in the Philippines] must be stamped out. The first and allimportant work to be done is to establish the supremacy of our flag. We must
put down armed resistance before we can accomplish anything else, and there
should be no parleying, no faltering, in dealing with our foe. As for those in our
own country who encourage the foe, we can afford contemptuously to disregard
them; but it must be remembered that their utterances are not saved from being
treasonable merely by the fact that they are despicable.
• [We must send out there only good and able men.... [They] must show the
utmost tact and firmness, remembering that, we such people as those with
whom we are to deal, weakness is the greatest of crimes, and that next to
weakness comes lace of consideration for their principles and prejudices.
A history of U.S. intervention in Latin America by each of the major occurrences:
1823: The Monroe Doctrine declares Latin America to be in the United States' "sphere of
influence."
1846: The U.S. causes war with Mexico and acquires half of its territory, including Texas and
California.
1855: U.S. adventurer William Walker invades Nicaragua with a private army, declares himself
president, and rules for 2 years.
1898: The U.S. declares war on Spain beginning the Spanish-American War, and as a result it gets
Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Hawaii.
1901: With the Platt Amendment, the U.S. declares its rights to intervene in Cuban affairs.
1903: The U.S. encourages Panama's independence from Colombia in order to acquire the Panama
Canal rights.
1905: The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declares the U.S. to be the policeman of the
Caribbean; the Dominican Republic is placed under a customs receivership.
1912: U.S. Marines invade Nicaragua and occupy the country almost continuously until 1933.
1914: Mexican refusal to salute the U.S. flag provokes the shelling of Veracruz by a U.S. battleship
and the capture of parts of the city by U.S. Marines.
1933: U.S. Marines finally leave Nicaragua, but are replaced by a well-trained and well-armed
National Guard under the control of Anastasio Somoza.
1954: The CIA engineers the overthrow of the democratically-elected government of Guatemala;
30 years of military dictatorship, repression, and violence follow.
1961: The U.S. attempts to overthrow the revolutionary Cuban government at the Bay of Pigs.
1965: Johnson sends 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic to combat the constitutional forces
trying to regain power.
1973: The CIA helps overthrow the democratic government of Allende in Chile in favor of a bloody
dictatorship.
1981: The Reagan Administration begins the war against Nicaragua.
1983: The U.S. invades Grenada to take over a popular government.
1989: The U.S. invades Panama to arrest accused drug dealer Manual Noriega.
1990: The U.S. intervenes in the Nicaraguan election process through covert and overt means.
U.S. Intervention in the Middle East
1947-48: U.S. backs Palestine partition plan. Israel established. U.S. declines to press Israel to allow expelled Palestinians to
return.
1949: CIA backs military coup deposing elected government of Syria.
1953: CIA helps overthrow the democratically-elected Mossadeq government in Iran (which had nationalized the British oil
company) leading to a quarter-century of repressive and dictatorial rule by the Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi.
1956: U.S. cuts off promised funding for Aswan Dam in Egypt after Egypt receives Eastern bloc arms.
1956: Israel, Britain, and France invade Egypt. U.S. does not support invasion, but the involvement of its NATO allies severely
diminishes Washington's reputation in the region.
1958: U.S. troops land in Lebanon to preserve "stability".
early 1960s: U.S. unsuccessfully attempts assassination of Iraqi leader, Abdul Karim Qassim.
1963: U.S. supports coup by Iraqi Ba'ath party (soon to be headed by Saddam Hussein) and reportedly gives them names of
communists to murder, which they do with vigor.
1967-: U.S. blocks any effort in the Security Council to enforce SC Resolution 242, calling for Israeli withdrawal from territories
occupied in the 1967 war.
1970: Civil war between Jordan and PLO. Israel and U.S. discuss intervening on side of Jordan if Syria backs PLO.
1972: U.S. blocks Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat's efforts to reach a peace agreement with Israel.
1973: Airlifted U.S. military aid enables Israel to turn the tide in war with Syria and Egypt.
1973-75: U.S. supports Kurdish rebels in Iraq. When Iran reaches an agreement with Iraq in 1975 and seals the border, Iraq
slaughters Kurds and U.S. denies them refuge. Kissinger secretly explains that "covert action should not be confused with
missionary work."
1975: U.S. vetoes Security Council resolution condemning Israeli attacks on Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon.5
1978-79: Iranians begin demonstrations against the Shah. U.S. tells Shah it supports him "without reservation" and urges him to
act forcefully. Until the last minute, U.S. tries to organize military coup to save the Shah, but to no avail.6
1979-88: U.S. begins covert aid to Mujahideen in Afghanistan six months before Soviet invasion in Dec. 1979.7 Over the next
decade U.S. provides training and more than $3 billion in arms and aid.
1980-88: Iran-Iraq war. When Iraq invades Iran, the U.S. opposes any Security Council action to condemn the invasion. U.S. soon
removes Iraq from its list of nations supporting terrorism and allows U.S. arms to be transferred to Iraq. At the same time, U.S.
lets Israel provide arms to Iran and in 1985 U.S. provides arms directly (though secretly) to Iran. U.S. provides intelligence
information to Iraq. Iraq uses chemical weapons in 1984; U.S. restores diplomatic relations with Iraq. 1987 U.S. sends its navy
into the Persian Gulf, taking Iraq's side; an overly-aggressive U.S. ship shoots down an Iranian civilian airliner, killing 290.
1981, 1986: U.S. holds military maneuvers off the coast of Libya in waters claimed by Libya with the clear purpose of provoking
Qaddafi. In 1981, a Libyan plane fires a missile and U.S. shoots down two Libyan planes. In 1986, Libya fires missiles that land
far from any target and U.S. attacks Libyan patrol boats, killing 72, and shore installations. When a bomb goes off in a Berlin
nightclub, killing three, the U.S. charges that Qaddafi was behind it (possibly true) and conducts major bombing raids in Libya,
killing dozens of civilians, including Qaddafi's adopted daughter.8
1982: U.S. gives "green light" to Israeli invasion of Lebanon,9 killing some 17 thousand civilians.10 U.S. chooses not to invoke
its laws prohibiting Israeli use of U.S. weapons except in self-defense. U.S. vetoes several Security Council resolutions
condemning the invasion.
1983: U.S. troops sent to Lebanon as part of a multinational peacekeeping force; intervene on one side of a civil war, including
bombardment by USS New Jersey. Withdraw after suicide bombing of marine barracks.
1984: U.S.-backed rebels in Afghanistan fire on civilian airliner.11
1987-92: U.S. arms used by Israel to repress first Palestinian Intifada. U.S. vetoes five Security Council resolution condemning
Israeli repression.
1988: Saddam Hussein kills many thousands of his own Kurdish population and uses chemical weapons against them. The U.S.
The English philosopher
Herbert Spencer relied on
the theories of evolution to
explain differences
between the strong and the
weak: successful
individuals and races had
competed better in the
natural world and
consequently evolved to
higher states than did other
less fit peoples. On the
basis of this reasoning,
Spencer and others
justified the domination of
European imperialists over
subject peoples as the
inevitable result of natural
scientific principles. (B &
Z, p. 960.)
Herbert Spencer
(1820-1903)
The first step towards
lightening the White
Man’s Burden is through
teaching the virtues of
cleanliness. Pears’ Soap
is a potent factor in
brightening the dark
corners of the earth as
civilization advances,
while amongst the
cultured of all nations it
holds the highest place-it is the ideal toilet soap.
José Martí
The U.S.S. Maine
Teddy Roosevelt’s
charge up San
Juan Hill
Steam shovels
digging the
Panama Canal
In 1878 Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French engineer
who built the Suez Canal, began to dig a canal across
the Isthmus of Panama, which was then part of
Colombia. Tropical disease and engineering problems
halted construction on the canal, but a French
business (the New Panama Canal Company) still held
the rights to the project. Roosevelt agreed to pay $40
million for the rights, and he began to negotiate with
Colombia for control of the land. He offered $10
million for a fifty-mile strip across the isthmus.
Colombia refused.
"We were dealing with a government of
irresponsible bandits," Roosevelt stormed. "I was
prepared to . . . at once occupy the Isthmus anyhow,
and proceed to dig the canal. But I deemed it likely
that there would be a revolution in Panama soon."
Teddy was right. The chief engineer of the New
Panama Canal Company organized a local revolt.
Roosevelt immediately sent the battleship Nashville
and a detachment of marines to Panama to support
the new government. The rebels gladly accepted
Roosevelt's $10 million offer, and they gave the
United States complete control of a ten-mile wide
canal zone.
Panama Canal: Culebra Cut, c. 1910-1920
Emilio Aguinaldo
My nation cannot
remain indifferent in
view of such violent
and aggressive
seizure of a portion of
its territory by a
nation which has
arrogated to itself the
title: champion of
oppressed nations.
-- Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo, 1898
In the insurgent trenches
Sgt. Clement C. Jones
captured a Filipino flag
Philippine insurgents fighting in the undergrowth
Philippine insurgent troops in the suburbs of Manila
Philippine insurgents were mostly from the
Tagalo race which inhabited northern Luzon
Bridge at Malabon showing the damage
done by Philippine insurgents
Insurgent army surrendering to General
Frederick D. Grant in the Philippine Islands
"War Photography."
U.S. troops and
Filipino women. The
Philippine War was
one of the nation's
first conflicts
covered by photojournalists, who
published their
pictures in daily
newspapers and
sold them to the
public as souvenirs.
Filipinos Retreat from Trenches,
June 5, 1899
American troops on the ramparts at Manila,
c. 1898-1901
Filipino casualties on the first day of war.
The U.S.-Filipino War
claimed the lives of
4,200 American
soldiers, fifteen
thousand rebel troops,
and some two hundred
thousand Filipino
civilians.
La Zafra (Sugar Harvest)
Inside the sugar mill
Gambling
Night Clubs
Prostitution
Fulgencio
Batista
Fidel
Castro
Ernesto “Che” Guevara
On January 1, 1959,
abandoned by his
American allies, Batista
and his closest aids fled
the country. Soon
thereafter, Castro enters
Havana victoriously.
Bay of Pigs (Bahía de Cochinos)
Ater Colombia refused to accept T.R.'s offer to purchase the
Panamanian Canal Zone, T.R. encouraged the indepedence movement
in the rogue Colombian province of Panama. Later, Colombia accused
the United States of stealing their territory without remuneration.
Society of Righteous and
Harmonious Fists
A"Boxer"
with
clenched
fist
upraised
Boxers in action on horseback
U.S. Troops marching to Beijing.
British Troops
Japanese troops
marching on Tientsin
Russian
Troops in
China
Combat scene - Marines on bridge fire at onrushing Boxers
Combat scene - Marines on bridge fire at
onrushing Boxers and Imperial troops
U.S. Navy Unit with
machine gun.
U.S. Marines in Beijing
Marine
detachment
Railroad train with
troops and cannon
Marine International gun "Betsy"
Allied artillery fire on Beijing
Dead Chinese outside destroyed wall gate of Tientsin
Dead
Chinese
Boxer
Marine squad
Marines in formation
in Beijing
Allies march in
Peking Forbidden
City
Allies final victory
march in Beijing
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
born Oct. 26, 1919, Tehrn, Iran
died July 27, 1980, Cairo, Egypt
Shah of Iran (1941–79), noted for his proWestern orientation and autocratic rule.
After an education in Switzerland, he
replaced his father, Reza Shah Pahlavi, as
ruler when the latter was forced into
exile by the British. His rule was marked
by a power struggle with his premier,
Mohammad Mosaddeq, who briefly
succeeded in deposing him in 1953;
covert intervention by British and U.S.
intelligence services returned him to the
throne the next year. His program of
rapid modernization and oil-field
development initially brought him popular
support, but his autocratic style and
suppression of dissent, along with
corruption and the unequal distribution of
Iran's new oil wealth, increased
opposition led by exiled cleric Ayatollah
Ruhollah Khomeini. In 1979 Pahlavi was
forced into exile.
Number of American military personnel dead: 58,000. Number of South
Vietnamese dead: 300,000. Number of North Vietnamese dead: 1,000,000.
Cost of the Vietnam War in American dollars: $200 billion.
October 29, 2004
CASUALTIES Study Puts Iraqi Deaths of Civilians at 100,000
By ELISABETH ROSENTHAL,
International Herald Tribune
PARIS, Oct. 28 - An estimated 100,000 civilians have died in Iraq as a direct or
indirect consequence of the March 2003 United States-led invasion, according
to a new study by a research team at the Bloomberg School of Public Health at
Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.
Coming just five days before the presidential election the finding is certain to
generate intense controversy, since it is far higher than previous mortality
estimates for the Iraq conflict.
Editors of The Lancet, the London-based medical publication, where an article
describing the study is scheduled to appear, decided not to wait for the normal
publication date next week, but to place the research online Friday, apparently
so it could circulate before the election.
The Bush administration has not estimated civilian casualties from the conflict,
and independent groups have put the number at most in the tens of thousands.
In the study, teams of researchers led by Dr. Les Roberts fanned out across Iraq
in mid-September to interview nearly 1,000 families in 33 locations. Families
were interviewed about births and deaths in the household before and after the
invasion.
Although the authors acknowledge that data collection was difficult in what is
effectively still a war zone, the data they managed to collect is extensive. Using
what they described as the best sampling methods that could be applied under
the circumstances, they found that Iraqis were 2.5 times more likely to die in
the 17 months following the invasion than in the 14 months before it.
Before the invasion, the most common causes of death in Iraq were heart
attacks, strokes and chronic diseases. Afterward, violent death was far ahead
Discretionay Budget, FY2004
The following pie chart shows federal discretionary spending in fiscal year 2004. The discretionary
budget refers to the part of the federal budget which Congress debates and decides every year. This part
of the budget constitutes more than one-third of total federal spending. The remainder of the federal
budget is 'mandatory spending.' Fiscal year 2004 runs from October 1, 2003 to September 30, 2004.
World Military Spending, 2003
The following pie indicates the top 10 countries' share in world military spending, which in 2003 totaled
almost $880 billion. The figures, compiled by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute are
compared in constant (2000) prices and market exchange rates. The top ten spenders made up 76% of all
military spending in the world, while the U.S. alone made up almost half. The top 15 spenders (including
Russia, India, Israel, Turkey and Brazil) made up 82% of all military spending.
Military, Homeland Security and Non-Military Security Tools, FY2005
(in billions of dollars)
The graph below indicates the level of military spending, homeland security, and nonmilitary security tools. More than seven times as much money is spent on military as on
homeland and all other non-security tools combined.
Total Federal Spending, FY2004
The following pie chart illustrates total federal spending (in outlays) for
fiscal year 2004. Fiscal year 2004 runs from October 1, 2003 to
September 30, 2004.
CIA, Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual - 1983
Part I (pp. 1-67) - Part II (pp. 68-124) This secret manual was compiled from sections of
the KUBARK guidelines, and from U.S. Military Intelligence field manuals written in the
mid 1960s as part of the Army's Foreign Intelligence Assistance Program codenamed
"Project X." The manual was used in numerous Latin American countries as an
instructional tool by CIA and Green Beret trainers between 1983 and 1987 and became
the subject of executive session Senate Intelligence Committee hearings in 1988
because of human rights abuses committed by CIA-trained Honduran military units. The
manual allocates considerable space to the subject of "coercive questioning" and
psychological and physical techniques. The original text stated that "we will be
discussing two types of techniques, coercive and non-coercive. While we do not stress
the use of coercive techniques, we do want to make you aware of them." After Congress
began investigating human rights violations by U.S.-trained Honduran intelligence
officers, that passage was hand edited to read "while we deplore the use of coercive
techniques, we do want to make you aware of them so that you may avoid them."
Although the manual advised methods of coercion similar to those used in the Abu
Ghraib prison by U.S. forces, it also carried a prescient observation: "The routine use of
torture lowers the moral caliber of the organization that uses it and corrupts those that
rely on it…."
MAP 34.4 Imperialism and
migration during the nineteenth
and early twentieth century.
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