Transcript Presentation - Healthy Kids Healthy Communities

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Healthy Kids,
Healthy Communities
Supporting Community Action to Prevent Childhood Obesity
Childhood Obesity Prevention GIS: A Mapping Tool
Conference call
April 20, 2011
Agenda
• Welcome and Context
Tim Schwantes, Project Manager, Healthy Kids, Healthy Communities
• Childhood Obesity GIS Website Demo
Chris Fulcher, Monte Roulier and Roxanne Medina-Fulcher, The Childhood
Obesity Prevention GIS team, Center for Applied Research and
Environmental Systems (CARES), University of Missouri
• Using Primary Data for Mapping
Nicole Rioles, Project Coordinator, Somerville, MA
• Creating Quick Maps for Long-term Impact
Melissa Watford, Project Director, Moore/Montgomery Counties, NC
Kathy Liles, Planning Director, Town of Aberdeen, NC
• Q&A, Discussion and Next Steps
Healthy Kids,
Healthy Communities
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Welcome and Context
Healthy Kids,
Healthy Communities
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3
Do Somerville Residents Lack Access to Fruits and Vegetables?
http://heersuperstore.com/wp-content/uploads/image/subpage_photo_fresh_produce
Aliza Sandberg
Tufts Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Cataldo Scholar 2009
Objective: Assess and map the availability of fruits and vegetables in
Somerville supermarkets using Geographic Information Systems
Background
Method
In 2003-2004, 32% of all
adults in the United States were obese, with an additional
At each of the 6 Somerville supermarkets, the following data was gathered:
1
34% overweight . In general, ethnic minorities and people
with lower incomes have higher rates of obesity than the
1.Number of fresh fruits and vegetables, canned fruits and vegetables, and frozen
2
average . Access to supermarkets can be an indicator of
vegetables.
healthful eating and lower rates of obesity.
•
Varieties within the same product were counted as
A study in Nova Scotia found
one (e.g., green, red delicious, and granny smith
that children in neighborhoods having the best access to
apples were recorded as “apples”)
shops with moderately priced fresh produce compared to
2.Linear feet of space devoted to fruits and vegetables (fresh, frozen, and canned).
children in those with the worst access had higher fruit and
3.Price per pound of the three most commonly consumed fresh fruits and vegetables12:
vegetable consumption, lower fat consumption, 26% less
apples, bananas, oranges, onions, potatoes, and tomatoes.
chance of being overweight and 33% less chance of being
•
Price was recorded for loose items and for bulk preobese3. A study in San Diego isolated increased access to
packaged bags greater than 1 pound.
supermarkets as a factor associated with improved dietary
quality and access to heart-healthy (low-fat and low-sodium)
foods as compared to grocery stores or convenience stores.
Census tracts with at least one supermarket had a 32%
higher rate of fruit and vegetable intake over those tracts with
no supermarkets4. A study on population based samples in
four different American cities found that even after adjustment
for individual level factors, the presence of supermarkets was
correlated with lower overweight and obesity rates, while the
presence of convenience stores were associated with higher
rates of overweight and obesity5. Participants of the U.S. food
stamp program with better access to supermarkets reported
more total household fruit consumption. This study found an
inverse relationship between distance from primary food store
and consumption of fruit6. Another study found an association
between access to stores with low fruit and vegetable prices
and smaller increases in BMI between kindergarten and 3rd
grade7.
The positive associations
between health and the presence of stores with healthy food
choices are relevant when considering disparities in access to
such stores based on racial and socioeconomic composition
of neighborhoods, which may be a contributing factor to the
increasing prevalence of overweight among low-income
children8. A 2008 report found that having a high
socioeconomic status was likely to provide individuals with
more economic, social, and cultural resources that protect
them from poor food consumption patterns9.
Correlations exist in which
Map 1. The six supermarkets overlaying a Somerville neighborhood
neighborhoods with high concentrations of racial/ethnic
map.
minorities experience a lack of access to stores with
affordable healthy food options. A study in East Harlem
Fruits
Fresh
Frozen
Can
Sample of a
focusing on disparities in the presence of supermarkets or
completed in-store
^Apple


grocery stores in African-American, Latino, and racially mixed
$ _1.29__ /lb loose
survey. Full survey
neighborhoods noted that obesity rates were 34% for African
$ __4.99__ /_3__lb
lists approximately
Americans and 33% for Latinos compared to 18% for white
bag
100 fruits and
residents10. A 2008 report in Nutrition Reviews used six
Apricot

vegetables.
recent studies to support the association between
Avocado

socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods with high
proportions of racial/ethnic minorities and poorer retail access
to healthy foods when compared with more affluent
neighborhoods with smaller minority populations9.
Notes and References
According to the 2000
Census
23%
of Somerville
residents
belong
to a racial
Data
for mapsData,
was taken
from MassGIS,
City of Somerville,
and U.S. Census
2000 Data.
minority.
Data
on food stores
29.3%
was collected
of people
during February
living
andin
March
Somerville
2009. Pricing and
are
variety
foreign
count were collected on day of surveying and included discount sales.
Foodmaster Supermarkets at 105 Alewife Brook Parkway was visited on 2/13/09 and 2/23/09; prices and linear feet measured were equal for the repeat trip.
born, markets
whilewere
35.6%
speak
a because
language
English
at
Farmers’
not included
in maps
they areother
open for than
less than
half of the year.
home.
These
numbers
compare
with
the
total
U.S.
population
Other food stores were labeled as small retail or convenience based on calling stores and asking them to self identify. An exemption from the Medford Social,
Behavioral and Education Institutional Review Board was granted for this study (#0903003).
of 11.1% foreign born and 17.9% of people speaking a
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Overweight and Obesity” <http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/faq.htm> Visited 12/3/08. Updated
foreign
language at home11. To serve the foods needs of this
6/20/08.
2 Anderson PM, Butcher KF. Childhood Obesity: Trends and Potential Causes. The Future of Children 2006; 16(1): 19-45.
population, there are 6 full-scale supermarkets, 22 small retail
3 Veugelers P, Sithoel F, Zhang S, et al. Neighborhood Characteristics in relation to diet, physical activity and overweight of Canadian Children. International
food ofstores,
2 farmers’
markets (open less than half the year),
Journal
Pediatric Obesity
2008; 3(3):152-159.
4 Sallis JF, Nader PR, Rupp JW, Atkins CJ, Wilson WC. San Diego surveyed for heart-healthy foods and exercise facilities. Public Health Reports 1986; 101:
and 29 convenience stores.
216–19.
5
Morland K, Roux AVD, Wing S. Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. American Journal of
Preventative Medicine. 2006; 30: 333-9.
6 Rose D and Richards R. Food Store Access and Household Fruit and Vegetable Use among Participants in the U.S. Food Stamp Program. Public Health
Nutrition 2004; 7:1081–88.
7 Sturm R, Datar A. Body mass index in elementary school children, metropolitan area food prices and food outlet density. Public Health 2005; 119: 1059–68.
8 Sherry B, Mei Z, Scanlon KS, et al. Trends in State-Specific Prevalence of Overweight and Underweight in 2- through 4-Year-Old Children from Low-Income
Families from 1989 through 2000. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 158 (2004): 1116–24.
9 Ford PB, Dzewaltowski DA. Disparities in obesity prevalence due to variation in the retail food environment: three testable hypotheses. Nutrition Reviews.
2008; 66(4):216-228.
10 Galvez, MP, Morland, K, Raines, C et al. Race and food store availability in an inner-city neighbourhood. Public Health Nutrition 2008: 11(6): 628.
11 City of Somerville. “About Somerville: Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights.” 2008. http://www.somervillema.gov/About.cfm?page=35. Visited
03/12/09.
12 Reed J, Frazão E, and Itskowitz R, “How Much Do Americans Pay for Fruits and Vegetables.” United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture
Information Bulletin No. (AIB790) 39, July 2004.
Thank you to the following people for their help in making this project possible:
John Cataldo, Advisor: Professor David M. Gute, Professor Christina Economos, Professor Kathleen Merrigan, Lisa Brukilacchio, Malek Al-Chalabi, Adam
White
Inspiration for maps and method from Laura Spring’s 2006 senior honors thesis, “Recommendations versus Reality: Assessing the Food Environment in LowIncome Communities. A study of the Local Food Environment in Mattapan, MA”
Map 2. To quantify the amount of produce available at each supermarket,
the linear space devoted to fresh, frozen and canned produce was
measured in feet. This data was geocoded to overlay a map of population
per census block in order to visualize the number of people that might be
served by each supermarket.
Map 3.Due to the variety of ethnicities among Somerville residents, the variety of
produce available could be an indicator of a supermarket’s ability to meet the food
needs of its population. The greatest variety of produce seems to be inversely
related to median income. This may indicate that immigrants with lower incomes
do have access to a greater variety of produce.
Map 5. Apples, oranges, onions, and potatoes are often sold in pre-packaged
Map 4. To compare the cost of fresh produce at the six supermarkets, the
bags weighing more than one pound. Apples were sold in 3 pound bags at all but
price per pound of the cheapest apples, bananas, oranges, onions,
one store; potatoes were sold in 5 pound bags at all stores. The “bulk produce
potatoes, and tomatoes was recorded. The sum of the cost for one pound of
basket” is a sum of one pound of each of the six produce items, using the
each loose produce item creates the price of a “loose produce basket.”
cheapest price per pound of bulk items, where applicable. Comparing maps 3 and
Here, the basket costs overlay a map of the median household income per
4, the supermarkets maintain their rankings of most expensive to least expensive
census tract to display the affordability of fresh produce throughout
even after taking bulk prices into account.
Somerville.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Map 6. In addition to the
six supermarkets, there
Data from the six Somerville supermarkets is insufficient to describe the food environment. More information is
are 22 small retail food
needed on existing food sources and modes of transportation. Although West Somerville has only one Supermarket,
stores and 29
ranking second from the bottom in linear feet of produce, variety, bulk produce basket, and last in loose produce
conveniences stores in
basket, its closest patrons are those from higher income areas, allowing for a greater possibility that they own cars
Somerville.
with which to travel to other grocery stores.
Supermarkets alone
cannot describe the
A future Cataldo scholar could investigate the following:
food environment in
Food sources:
Somerville. Small retail
22 small retail food stores in Somerville
food stores and some
29 convenience stores in Somerville
convenience stores sell
2 Somerville Farmers’ markets: Davis square (open ~6 months/year)
varying amounts of
and Union Square (open ~5 months/year)
produce. The store
8 Somerville community gardens
denoted by the asterisk
4 supermarkets plus other food stores located outside of city limits
sells 88.7 feet of 57
that serve the Somerville population
total fruit and vegetable
Community Supported Agriculture programs (households receive
varieties, fresh and
a weekly share of a local farm’s produce)
canned (no frozen). At
Modes of Transportation:
$6.44 for a loose
Walk-ability of neighborhoods
produce basket and
Bus routes
$5.90 for a bulk one, it
Car ownership
http://peterimarkcomm.files.wordpress.com/2008/08
is less expensive than
Agenda
Healthy Kids,
Healthy Communities
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Multi-Method Evaluation Approach
Environmental
Audits
Observe the
condition of the
environment
Direct Observation
Track behaviors in
the environment
GIS Mapping
Use maps to
represent social,
economic, or
environmental
conditions
Healthy Kids,
Healthy Communities
HKHC Dashboard Action Reporting
Document planning and
implementation activities as well
as intended and unintended
changes
Multi-Method
Evaluation
Approach
Policy
Assessment
Describe the
current policies
planned or in
place
Photos & Videos
Visually illustrate
the condition of
the environment
Surveys, Interviews,
Focus Groups
Gather perceptions of
policies and
environments
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ChildhoodObesityGIS.org
Q&A, Discussion and Next Steps
To unmute and mute your phone, please press *6
Chris Fulcher
Roxanne Fulcher
[email protected]
[email protected]
The Childhood Obesity Prevention GIS Team
Nicole Rioles
[email protected]
Shape Up Somerville Coordinator
Melissa Watford
[email protected]
FirstHealth of the Carolinas
Kathy Liles
[email protected]
Planning Director, Aberdeen
Tim Schwantes
[email protected]
Project Manager, HKHC
Healthy Kids,
Healthy Communities
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