Transcript Document

electronics fundamentals
circuits, devices, and applications
THOMAS L. FLOYD
DAVID M. BUCHLA
chapter 8
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Sine waves
The sinusoidal waveform (sine wave) is the fundamental
alternating current (ac) and alternating voltage waveform.
Electrical sine waves are
named from the
mathematical function
with the same shape.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
A wave is a disturbance. Unlike water waves, electrical
waves cannot be seen directly but they have similar
characteristics. All periodic waves can be constructed from
sine waves, which is why sine waves are fundamental.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Sine waves
Sine waves are characterized by the amplitude and period.
The amplitude is the maximum value of a voltage or current;
the period is the time interval for one complete cycle.
20 V
15 V
The amplitude (A)
of this sine wave
is 20 V
The period is 50.0 s
A
10 V
0V
t (s)
25
0
37.5
50.0
-10 V
-15 V
-20 V
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
T
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Sine waves
The period of a sine wave can be measured between
any two corresponding points on the waveform.
TT T T
A
T
T
By contrast, the amplitude of a sine wave is only
measured from the center to the maximum point.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Frequency
Frequency ( f ) is the number of cycles that a sine wave
completes in one second.
Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
If 3 cycles of a wave occur in one second, the frequency
is 3.0 Hz
1.0 s
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Period and frequency
The period and frequency are reciprocals of each other.
1
f 
T
and
T
1
f
Thus, if you know one, you can easily find the other.
(The 1/x key on your calculator is handy for converting between f and T.)
If the period is 50 s, the frequency is 0.02 MHz = 20 kHz.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Sinusoidal voltage
Generation
of a sinesources
wave
Sinusoidal voltages are produced by ac generators and
electronic oscillators.
When a conductor rotates in a constant magnetic
field, a sinusoidal wave is generated.
C
N
D
B
S
A
B
C
D
A
Motion of conductor
Conduc tor
When
theisconductor
is moving parallel
with
When the
loop
moving perpendicular
to the
lines
flux, no voltage
is induced.
lines of the
flux,
theofmaximum
voltage
is induced.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
AC generator (alternator)
Generators convert rotational energy to electrical energy. A
stationary field alternator with a rotating armature is shown.
The armature has an induced voltage, which is connected
through slip rings and brushes to a load. The armature loops
are wound on a magnetic core (not shown for simplicity).
Small alternators may use a
permanent magnet as shown
here; other use field coils to
produce the magnetic flux.
S
N
brushes
arm ature
slip rings
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
AC generator (alternator)
By increasing the number of poles, the number of cycles
per revolution is increased. A four-pole generator will
produce two complete cycles in each revolution.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Readout
Function generators
Typical controls:
Function selection
Frequency
Range
Adjust
Output level (amplitude)
DC offset
CMOS output
Sine
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
Square
Outputs
Duty cycle
Triangle
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Sine wave voltage and current values
There are several ways to specify the voltage of a
sinusoidal voltage waveform. The amplitude of a sine
wave is also called the peak value, abbreviated as VP for
a voltage waveform. 20 V
15 V
VP
10 V
The peak voltage of
this waveform is 20 V.
0V
t (s)
0
25
37.5
50.0
-10 V
-15 V
-20 V
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Sine wave voltage and current values
The voltage of a sine wave can also be specified as
either the peak-to-peak or the rms value. The peak-topeak is twice the peak value. The rms value is 0.707
times the peak value. 20 V
15 V
The peak-to-peak
voltage is 40 V.
The rms voltage
is 14.1 V.
10 V
Vrms
0V
0
VPP
t (s)
25
37.5
50.0
-10 V
-15 V
-20 V
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Sine wave voltage and current values
For some purposes, the average value (actually the halfwave average) is used to specify the voltage or current.
By definition, the average value is as 0.637 times the
peak value.
20 V
15 V
The average value for
the sinusoidal voltage
is 12.7 V.
10 V
Vavg
0V
t (s)
0
25
37.5
50.0
-10 V
-15 V
-20 V
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Angular measurement
Angular measurements can be made in degrees (o) or
radians. The radian (rad) is the angle that is formed when
the arc is equal to the radius of a circle. There are 360o or
2p radians in one complete revolution.
R
R
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
-0.6
0
p
p
4
2
3p
4
p
5p
4
3p
2
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Angular measurement
There are 2p radians in one complete revolution and 360o
in one revolution. To find the number of radians, given
2p rad
the number of degrees:
rad 
 degrees
360
This can be simplified to:
rad 
p rad
180
 degrees
To find the number of degrees, given the number of
radians:
180
deg 
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
p rad
 rad
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Angular measurement
How many radians are in 45o?
rad 
p rad
 degrees
180
p rad
=
 45  0.785 rad
180
How many degrees are in 1.2 radians?
180
 rad
p rad
180

 1.2 rad = 69
p rad
deg 
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Sine wave equation
Instantaneous values of a wave are shown as v or i. The
equation for the instantaneous voltage (v) of a sine
wave is
v  V p sin 
where
Vp = Peak voltage
 = Angle in rad or degrees
If the peak voltage is 25 V, the instantaneous
voltage at 50 degrees is 19.2 V
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Sine wave equation
A plot of the example in the previous slide (peak at
25 V) is shown. The instantaneous voltage at 50o is
19.2 V as previously calculated.
90
Vp
Vp = 25 V
v = Vp sin = 19.2 V
= 50
0
50
Vp
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Phasors
The sine wave can be represented as the projection of a
vector rotating at a constant rate. This rotating vector is
called a phasor. Phasors are useful for showing the
phase relationships in ac circuits.
90
180
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
0
0
90
180
360
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Phase shift
The phase of a sine wave is an angular measurement
that specifies the position of a sine wave relative to a
reference. To show that a sine wave is shifted to the
left or right of this reference, a term is added to the
equation given previously.
v  VP sin  f 
where
f = Phase shift
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Example of a wave that lags the
reference
…and the equation
Phase shift
has a negative phase
shift
Referenc e
40
Peak voltage
30
v = 30 V sin ( - 45o)
Voltage (V)
20
10
0
0
45
90
135 180
225
270
315
360
405
-20
-30
- 40
Notice that a lagging sine
wave is below the axis at 0o
Angle ()
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Example of a wave that leads the
reference
Notice that a leading sine
Referenc e
wave is above the axis at 0o
Phase shift
40
Peak voltage
30
Voltage (V)
20
v = 30 V sin ( + 45o)
10
-45
0 0
-10
-20
-30
-40
45
90 135
180
225
270
315
360
…and the equation
has a positive phase
shift
Angle ()
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Phase shift
An important application of phase-shifted sine waves is in
electrical power systems. Electrical utilities generate ac with
three phases that are separated by 120° as illustrated.
Normally, 3-phase power is delivered to the user with three hot lines plus
neutral. The voltage of each phase, with respect to neutral is 120 V.
120o
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
120o
120o
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Power in resistive AC circuits
The power relationships developed for dc circuits apply
to ac circuits except you must use rms values in ac
circuits when calculating power.
The power formulas are:
P  Vrms I rms
2
Vrms
P
R
2
P  I rms
R
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
For example, the dc and the ac sources
produce the same power to the bulb:
120 Vdc
0V
ac or dc
source
Bulb
170 Vp
= 120 Vrms
0V
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Power in resistive AC circuits
Assume a sine wave with a peak value of 40 V is
applied to a 100 W resistive load. What power is
dissipated?
40
30
Voltage (V)
20
10
0
-1 0
-2 0
-3 0
- 40
Vrms = 0.707 x Vp = 0.707 x 40 V = 28.3 V
2
Vrms
28.3 V 2
P

 8W
R
100 W
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Superimposed dc and ac voltages
Frequently dc and ac voltages are together in a waveform.
They can be added algebraically, to produce a composite
waveform of an ac voltage “riding” on a dc level.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Alternators
Alternators are ac generators. Utility companies use 3-phase
alternators and deliver all three phases to industrial
customers. A simplified 3-phase alternator is illustrated.
Phase 1
Neutral
N
S
Phase 2
Phase 3
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Alternators
In vehicles, alternators generate ac, which is converted to dc
for operating electrical devices and charging the battery. A
basic vehicle alternator is illustrated. AC is more efficient to
produce and can be easily regulated,
Housing
hence it is generated and converted to Stator coils
dc by diodes.
The output is taken from the
rotor through the slip rings.
Rotor
Diode plate
Diodes
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
Slip rings
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
AC Motors
There are two major classifications of ac motors. These are
the induction motor and the synchronous motor. Both
types use a rotating field in the stator windings.
Induction motors work because current is induced in the rotor by the
changing current in the stator. This current creates a magnetic field that
reacts with the moving field of the stator, which develops a torque and
causes the rotor to turn.
Synchronous motors have a magnet for the rotor. In small motors, this
can be a permanent magnet, which keeps up with the rotating field of the
stator. Large motors use an electromagnet in the rotor, with external dc
supplied to generate the magnetic field.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Pulse definitions
Ideal pulses
Leading (rising) edge
Leading (falling) edge
Trailing (falling) edge
Trailing (rising) edge
Baseline
Amplitude
Amplitude
Baseline
Pulse
width
(a) Positive-going pulse
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
Pulse
width
(b) Negative-going pulse
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Pulse definitions
Non-ideal pulses
A
0.9 A
A
0.5 A
0.1A
t
tr
(a) Rise and fall times
t
tW
tf
(b) Pulse width
Notice that rise and fall times are measured between
the 10% and 90% levels whereas pulse width is
measured at the 50% level.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Triangular and sawtooth waves
Triangular and sawtooth waveforms are formed by
voltage or current ramps (linear increase/decrease)
Triangular waveforms have
positive-going and negativegoing ramps of equal duration.
The sawtooth waveform consists
of two ramps, one of much longer
duration than the other.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Harmonics
All repetitive non-sinusoidal waveforms are composed
of a fundamental frequency (repetition rate of the
waveform) and harmonic frequencies.
Odd harmonics are frequencies that are odd multiples
of the fundamental frequency.
Even harmonics are frequencies that are even multiples
of the fundamental frequency.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Harmonics
A square wave is composed only of the fundamental
frequency and odd harmonics (of the proper amplitude).
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Display section
Vertical section
Signal coupling
Volts/Di v
The oscilloscope is divided into
From
Analog
Amp
four main sections.
vertic al only
Oscilloscopes
AC
DC
Ch 1
GND
Signal coupling
Volts/Di v
AC
DC
Ch 1
GND
AC
Ch 2
Conversion/storage
sec tion
(Digital scopes only)
Vertical section
DC
Trigger section
DC
GND
Digital Display section
To display sec tion
only
Amp
GND position
AC
Ch 2
Vertical
Conversion/storage
position (Digital
scopes only)
Amp
Vertical
Amp
Conversion/storage
(Digital scopes only)
External trigger
coupling
AC
External trigger
coupling
DC
External
trigger
AC
DC
Ch 1
Ext
Line
Intensity
Digital
only
Trigger
source
Trigger
source
Analog
only
Horizontal From horizontal sec tion
Conversion/storage
(Digital
scopes only)
section
Trigger
Horizontal Control and proc ess
and
section level
(Digital scopes only)
Trigger section
External
trigger
Intensity
slope
Trigger
level and
slope
Ch 1
Ch 2
Ch 2
Control and process
(Digital scopes only)
Sec/Div
Trigger
Time
base
circuits
Time base
Sec /Div
Ext
Line
Trigger
circuits
Horizontal
position
Horizontal
position
AC
Power supply
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
AC
DC to all sec tions
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Vertical section
Chapter 8
Signal coupling
Volts/Di v
AC
DC
Ch 1
AC
Ch 2
DC
GND
Display section
Amp
GND
Conversion/storage
(Digital scopes only)
Vertical
position
Amp
Analog
only
Intensity
Conversion/storage
(Digital scopes only)
Digital
only
Horizontal
section
Trigger section
External trigger
coupling
External
trigger
Trigger
source
AC
DC
Ch 1
Ext
Line
Ch 2
Trigger
level and
slope
Control and process
(Digital scopes only)
Sec /Div
Trigger
circuits
Time base
Horizontal
position
AC
Power supply
DC to all sec tions
8th
ElectronicsFundamentals
Fundamentals
edition
Electronics
Floyd/Buchla
Circuits,
Devices and Applications - Floyd
© 2010©Pearson
Education,
Upper
Saddle
Copyright
2007
Prentice-Hall
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Oscilloscopes
Display
Vertical Horizontal
Trigger
VERT
ICAL
VERT
ICAL
HORIZONT
AL
HORIZONT
AL
TRIGGER
TRIGGER
CH
HH
CH11 CH
CH22 BOT
BOT
SLOPE
SLOPE
ÐÐ
POSIT
ION
POSIT
ION
POSIT
ION
POSIT
ION
VOLT
S/DIV
VOLT
S/DIV
VOLT
S/DIV
VOLT
S/DIV
++
POSIT
ION
POSIT
ION
LEVEL
LEVEL
SEC/DIV
SEC/DIV
SOURCE
SOURCE
CH
CH11
55VV
22mmVV
COUPLING
COUPLING
AC-DC-GND
AC-DC-GND
55VV
22mmVV
COUPLING
COUPLING
AC-DC-GND
AC-DC-GND
55ss
55ns
ns
CH
CH22
EE
XT
XT
LL
INE
INE
TRIG
TRIGCOUP
COUP
DC
DC
DISPLAY
DISPLAY
PPR
OB
R
OBEECOMP
COMP
55VV
CH
CH11
CH
CH22
AC
AC
EXT
EXTTRIG
TRIG
INT
INTENSIT
ENSITYY
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Selected Key Terms
Sine wave A type of waveform that follows a cyclic
sinusoidal pattern defined by the formula
y = A sin .
Alternating Current that reverses direction in response to a
current change in source voltage polarity.
Period (T) The time interval for one complete cycle of a
periodic waveform.
Frequency (f) A measure of the rate of change of a periodic
function; the number of cycles completed in 1 s.
Hertz The unit of frequency. One hertz equals one
cycle per second.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Selected Key Terms
Instantaneous The voltage or current value of a waveform at
value a given instant in time.
Peak value The voltage or current value of a waveform at
its maximum positive or negative points.
Peak-to-peak The voltage or current value of a waveform
value measured from its minimum to its maximum
points.
rms value The value of a sinusoidal voltage that indicates
its heating effect, also known as effective
value. It is equal to 0.707 times the peak value.
rms stands for root mean square.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Selected Key Terms
Radian A unit of angular measurement. There are 2p
radians in one complete 360o revolution.
Phase The relative angular displacement of a time-varying
waveform in terms of its occurrence with respect to
a reference.
Amplitude The maximum value of a voltage or current.
Pulse A type of waveform that consists of two equal and
opposite steps in voltage or current separated by a
time interval.
Harmonics The frequencies contained in a composite
waveform, which are integer multiples of the pulse
repetition frequency.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Quiz
1. In North America, the frequency of ac utility voltage is
60 Hz. The period is
a. 8.3 ms
b. 16.7 ms
c. 60 ms
d. 60 s
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Quiz
2. The amplitude of a sine wave is measured
a. at the maximum point
b. between the minimum and maximum points
c. at the midpoint
d. anywhere on the wave
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Quiz
3. An example of an equation for a waveform that lags the
reference is
a. v = -40 V sin ()
b. v = 100 V sin ( + 35o)
c. v = 5.0 V sin ( - 27o)
d. v = 27 V
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Quiz
4. In the equation v = Vp sin  , the letter v stands for the
a. peak value
b. average value
c. rms value
d. instantaneous value
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Quiz
5. The time base of an oscilloscope is determined by the
setting of the
a. vertical controls
b. horizontal controls
c. trigger controls
d. none of the above
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Quiz
6. A sawtooth waveform has
a. equal positive and negative going ramps
b. two ramps - one much longer than the other
c. two equal pulses
d. two unequal pulses
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Quiz
7. The number of radians in 90o are
a. p/2
b. p
c. 2p/3
d. 2p
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Quiz
8. For the waveform shown, the same power would be
delivered to a load with a dc voltage of
a. 21.2 V
60 V
45 V
b. 37.8 V
30 V
c. 42.4 V
0V
d. 60.0 V
t (s)
0
25
37.5
50.0
-30 V
-45 V
-60 V
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Quiz
9. A square wave consists of
a. the fundamental and odd harmonics
b. the fundamental and even harmonics
c. the fundamental and all harmonics
d. only the fundamental
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Quiz
10. A control on the oscilloscope that is used to set the
desired number of cycles of a wave on the display is
a. volts per division control
b. time per division control
c. trigger level control
d. horizontal position control
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Quiz
Answers:
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition
Floyd/Buchla
1. b
6. b
2. a
7. a
3. c
8. c
4. d
9. a
5. b
10. b
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