Transcript Small Group Communication

Small Group Communication
As it relates to Theatre Production
What is Small Group Communication?
The four basic characteristics of a small group
- three or more people
- face-to-face interaction
- a span of time
- a common goal or task
Why Work in Small Groups?
“Groups usually produce more and better solutions
to problems than do individuals working alone.”
Shaw, M. E. Group Dynamics: the Psychology of Small Group Behavior. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976
Types of Small Groups
Task-Oriented
Factors of Productivity
*Task Demand
*Resources
*Process
*Group Size
*Group Composition
*Potential Payoff
Task Demand
Are the demands of the production or season equivalent to our current ability?
Do we have enough time available to examine all the issues, acquire information,
and consider all alternatives?
Will we need any special tools or training in order to accomplish this?
Resources
Do we have the right type and quantities of materials?
Do we have adequate human resources (skill level and number)?
Do we have the money to acquire either/both of these resources?
Process
How are we planning?
How are we implementing our plans?
Are we adapting our plan to meet new challenges or needed changes?
Group Size
Are we too small and feel the project is too large for us to meet?
Are we too large and feel that the level of involvement from all members is
varying?
As the group size increases, are we:
1) creating more complex and indirect communication patterns
2) meeting the level or organization needed to fit the group size
3) losing productivity due to fewer demands on individuals
4) losing personal satisfaction in the process due to accomplishments
feeling watered-down
Group Composition
How different are the members in terms of education, race, gender,
prior experiences, skill sets, and attitudes?
How can we use these differences to work to our advantage?
How are these differences affecting the group dynamics?
Potential Payoff
What is the reward for the group and the individual?
“Is the payoff worth working within the group?
Follow the Leader
What is a leader?
A leader is essentially defined as “…one who can
influence a group to develop something which would
not have happened had the leader not been present”.*
*Seaman, Don F. Working Effectively with Task-Oriented Groups. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981.
Leadership in the Small Group
3 Common Styles of Leadership
1) Authoritarian- “My way or the highway”
2) Democratic- “All for one, and one for all”
3) Laissez-faire- “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it”
Basic Qualities for Leadership
1) Knowledge of the group process
2) Ability to think quickly
3) Language and speech skills
4) Knowledge of the subject
5) Sensitivity to group trends
6) Self-restraint and respect for others
7) Ability to verbalize sentiments
8) Ability to clarify
Group Climate
Group Climate refers to the atmosphere in which
the group interacts with each other.
Defensive Climates
Supportive Climates
Evaluation
Control
Strategy
Description
Problem Orientation
Spontaneity
Neutrality
Empathy
Superiority
Equality
Conflict
Oxford American Dictionary describes conflict as a
“disagreement between people with different ideas or beliefs”
“Conflict is not really harmful to the group as long as it fosters
creative discussions about the task to be accomplished.” *
Conflict can be detrimental to a group when it
1) Prohibits the group from completing its task
2) Interferes with the quality of the group’s decision
3) Threatens the existence of the group
*Seaman, Don F. Working Effectively with Task-Oriented Groups. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981.
Reasons for Conflict
Differences in Personality
Differences in Perception
Differences in Information
Differences in Power or Influences
Conflict can be directed at people, ideas or both.
Differences in Language and Thought
We assimilate information different ways
Block
Types of Conflict
Pseudo-Conflict
Simple Conflict
Ego Conflict
How to spot Conflict
1) Members are impatient with each other
2) Ideas are attacked before they are completely expressed
3) Members take sides and refuse to compromise
4) Members disagree on plans or suggestions
5) Comments and suggestions are made with a great deal of vehemence
6) Members attack each other on a personal level in subtle ways
7) Members insist that the group doesn’t have the knowledge or experience
8) Members feel the group cannot get ahead because it’s too large or too small
9) Members disagree with the leader’s suggestions
10) Members accuse each other of not understanding the real point
11) Members hear distorted fragments of each other’s contributions
Why does Conflict exist?
1)
2)
3)
4)
The group feels they have been given a task which
seems impossible, and members are frustrated because
they feel unable to meet the demands made of them.
The main concern of members is to attain status in the
group.
Members are loyal to outside groups of conflicting
interests.
Members feel involved and are working too hard on a
problem.
Questions to Ask
• Is the task too large or impossible for the group?
• Are the members clear about the task? Is there any
confusion?
• Do members not agree with the group’s decisions?
• Are members involved for status reasons?
• Do all members wish to be a part of the group?
• Does every member have the pertinent information
needed?
• Is the conflict destructive or is it fostering ideas?
• Are there any hidden agendas within the group?
• Are members apathetic about the work at hand?
Myths about Conflict
Myth #1 Conflict should be avoided at all costs
Myth # 2 All Conflict occurs because people do not
understand each other
Myth # 3 All conflicts can be resolved
Groupthink
Groupthink—“the illusion of agreement. This occurs
when a group strives to minimize conflict and reach a
consensus without critically testing, analyzing, and
evaluating ideas”
Non-Verbal Communication
Vocalics-sounds a person makes that accompany his
or her verbal messages (also called paralanguage)
Kinesics-body language
Eye Behavior
As a Leader
Pick an appropriate room size
Pick appropriate type of room and style
Engage others in eye contact
Encourage non talkers out of corners
Phrase questions so they require more than a
yes/no answer
Be controversial
Bibliography
Beebe, Steven A., John T. Masterson, Communicating in Small Groups; Principles and Practices,
4th Ed. Harper Collins College Publishers, New York, 1994
Bertcher, Harvey J. Group Participation; Techniques for Leaders and Members,. 2nd Ed. Sage
Publications, Thousand Oaks, 1994
Book, Cassandra, Kathleen Galvin, Instruction in and about Small Group Discussion, Educational
Resources Information Center (ERIC), Urbana, IL, 1975
Cragan, John F., David W. Wright, Communication in Small Group Discussions; A Case Study
Approach. West Publishing Co. St. Paul, MN 1980
Hare, A. Paul, Creativity in Small Groups, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, 1982
Hartley, Peter, Group Communication, Routledge, New York, 1997
Seaman, Don F. Working Effectively with Task-Oriented Groups, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, 1981
Shaw, M. E., Group Dynamics: the Psychology of Small Group Behavior. 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York, 1976
Ulschak, Francis L., Leslie Nathanson, Peter G. Gillian, Small Group Problem Solving; An Aid to
Organizational Effectiveness,. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. 1981