Transcript Slide 1

Centre for SDIs and Land Administration
Department of Geomatics
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
Extension and Application of SDI
to Support a Marine Dimension
Abbas Rajabifard & Sheelan Vaez
Personnel
•Abbas Rajabifard (CI)
•Ian Williamson (CI)
•Sheelan S.Vaez (PhD Candidate)
•Lisa Strain (MSc)
•Final Year Students
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
Centre for SDIs and LA
Dynamic
Centre for SDIs
and Land Administration
Standards
People
Policy
Data
Access Network
www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/research/SDI_research
www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/maritime
www,marineadministration.org
World Class Research
Supporting Sustainable Development
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
Centre for SDIs and LA
Introduction
• The land-sea interface is one of the most
complex areas of management in the world.
• There is the growing and urgent need to create
a seamless platform that bridges the gap
between the terrestrial and marine
environments, creating a spatially enabled landsea interface to more effectively meet
sustainable development objectives.
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The Significance of Data
Spatial Data is further shaped by the decision-making
process to which it is subject,
Decision Making Process
People
Access
Policy
Standards
Spatial
Data
Information
Management / Administration underpinned by
access to spatial information.
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
(Feeney 2002)
Centre for SDIs and LA
Centre for SDIs and Land Administration
Spatial
Dimension
of Coastal Management
Department
of Geomatics
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
• To improve management of the coastal zone, there needs
to be access and interoperability of both marine and
terrestrial spatial data.
• In response to this situation, Spatial Data Infrastructure
(SDI) have been developed to create an environment that
will enable users to access and retrieve spatial datasets in
an easy and secure way.
• SDI is developed to enable the use and sharing of spatial
information and services to support decision-making at
different scales for multiple purposes.
Spatial Data Infrastructure
• SDI is an integrated, on-line mechanism to deliver spatial
data and services and information for applications, better
business and policy decision-making, and value-added
commercial activities.
Dynamic
Access Network
People
Policy
Data
Standards
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
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Current SDI Development
• Many countries have developed SDI at national,
state and local levels,
Global SDI
Regional SDI
National SDI
State SDI
Local SDI
• Most of these initiatives stop at the coastline,
institutionally and/or spatially. Current SDI design is
mainly focused on access to and use of land related
datasets as well as land related problems,
Organisational
SDI
• However, decision-makers in both land and marine
related areas also need to access marine related
datasets in order to effectively achieve their
economic, social and environmental objectives.
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SDI and Marine Administration
Sustainable Development
Marine Policies
Policing & Conflict
Resolution
Planning &
Management
Marine
Industries &
Development
Marine
Administration
Resource
Management
Marine Use
Legislation &
Conventions
Institutional
Framework
SPATIAL DATA
INFRASTRUCTURE
Datasets
Oil & Gas
Data
DB
DB
DB
DB
DB
DB
Navigation
Data
Other Datasets
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Current Problem
• There is a lack of harmonised and universal access to
seamless datasets from marine, coastal and land-based
spatial data providers.
Land
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
Sea
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Marine SDI & Seamless SDI
• Development of SDI in the marine
environment would provide basis for
integration of marine & terrestrial
environments. The ultimate aim is to
include a marine dimension to SDI
models so that they work seamlessly
both on land and at sea through.
Coastal Zone
Terrestrial
Cadastre
Marine
Cadastre
Spatial Data Infrastructure
• This seamless model will bridge the
gap between the terrestrial and
marine environments, creating the
spatially enabled land-sea interface to
more effectively meet sustainable
development objectives.
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
Seamless SDI
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Seamless SDI
• A seamless infrastructure was endorsed by the UN as part of the
International Workshop on Administering the Marine Environment
(PCGIAP,2004).
• The inclusion and development of a marine administration
component as part of a seamless SDI to “ensure a continuum
across the coastal zone” further was supported (UNRCC-AP 2006 ).
• IHO S-100, is being based on the ISO/TC211 (IHO ,2007).
• The integration should be carried out for both land and marine
spatial data to build a seamless spatial data management
throughout Indonesia. The integration of land and marine spatial
data set is important since the seawater play role as a bridge
connecting islands of Indonesia Archipelago (National Coordination Agency for
Surveys and Mapping of Indonesia,2006).
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17th United Nations RCC-AP, Bangkok,
18-22 September 2006
Resolution 3:
Marine SDI to support marine administration
Recommendation: countries with an extensive marine jurisdiction
and administrative responsibilities be encouraged to include the
development of a marine administration component as part of a
Seamless SDI that covers both land and marine jurisdictions to ensure
a continuum across the coastal zone.
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PCGIAP-International Workshop on
Administering Marine Environment-The Spatial
Dimension, Malaysia, 4-7 May 2004
Resolution:
Defining the Spatial Dimension of the Marine Environment
Recommends that the term “Marine Administration System” is adopted
for the administration of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the
marine environment, with the spatial dimension facilitated by the
Marine SDI,
And further recommends that a marine cadastre is defined as a
management tool which spatially describes, visualises and realises
formally and informally defined boundaries and associated rights,
restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment as a data
layer in a Marine SDI, allowing them to be more effectively identified,
administered and accessed.
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Objectives
• Demonstrate the need for the development of a
framework to enable SDI to incorporate and
facilitate the access and use of marine cadastral
data.
• Research interoperable data design, an
important aspect of data integration and
exchange between marine agencies using SDIs,
as the basis of spatial business systems.
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Objectives
• The intention of this component is to extend,
modify and test the principles that underlie SDI
models (in particular the ASDI model) in an
offshore context with particular attention on the
coastal zone.
• The ultimate aim is to facilitate the inclusion of a
marine dimension to SDI models so that they
work seamlessly both on land and at sea
environments.
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Methodology
• This research uses a case study approach to
examine the applicability of the SDI concept and
components to the marine environment.
• The end result is an extended model and
associated tools that will facilitate the
development of a ‘seamless infrastructure’.
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The mapping “solution”
NMAs and HOs generally use:
• Different coordinate systems
• Different projections
• Different datums (Hz & V)
• Different content
RESULT: Users cannot reference any object consistently across the coastal zone
(Keith Murray, UK 2007)
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A formal SDI solution
Common height datum
Common framework to support:
• Interoperable coordinate systems & datums
• Interoperable objects along agreed boundary
• Interoperable Feature Catalogues
RESULT: Marine SDI and Land SDI link up seamlessly
(Keith Murray, UK 2007)
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Outcomes
• Justification/Model Development
• Case study
• 11 Publications
-ISI Journal of Marine Policy,2005
-2 Journal of Spatial Sciences,2006 &GIS Development, 2005
-Book chapter contribution to FIG Commission 4, 2006
-Professional Magazine of Coordinates,2007
-6 Conferences: IHO Marine SDI 2007,SSC 2007,CoastGIS07
Hydro07,GSDI-10 2008,WALIS 2008
• Involvement in International Collaborations
(IHO Marine
SDI Working Group)
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Current Research Objectives
Undertaking examination of the “Seamless SDI model” with
an objective to:
 Identify the characteristics and components for the
design of a seamless SDI model
 Develop seamless SDI model to incorporate identified
characteristics (based on SOA)
 Develop an implementation strategy and guidelines
 Test and improve seamless SDI model and
associated strategy and guidelines using a case
study approach.
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What are the Essential Ingredients of
Marine SDI?
• Same general components as terrestrial equivalents:
– Basic Reference Data
– Metadata creation and Standards
– Enabling Technologies
– Regulatory Frameworks
– Institutional Arrangements and Policies
– People
• But many of these presents unique challenges off-shore
Dynamic
Access
Network
People
Policy
Data
Standards
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Spatial Data Infrastructure
• People
– Already some level of spatial data sharing occurring
in ad-hoc manner
– Institutional unwillingness and perceived lack of ability
to share data
– Need to identify possible custodians of ‘fundamental’
marine spatial datasets
– Custodians responsible for following set standards
and policies will influence implementation and
development of marine dimension of NSDI
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Spatial Data Infrastructure
• Policies
– Influenced by international best practice in spatial
data management
– NOO – Marine Science and Technology Plan
• avoiding duplication
• data consistency
• improved access to data
• coordinated data management
– Similar to policies in ANZLIC (1999) Policy Statement
on Spatial Data Management
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Spatial Data Infrastructure
• Policies cont.
– Some other differences in marine and spatial data
may concern policies including:
• Privacy – fishing data, oil and gas exploration data
• Access – wireless data download for real time
access in emergency response
• Quality – complex environment, may be difficult to
collect data to same level of quality and
completeness
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Spatial Data Infrastructure
• Technology
– Standards cover data access, content and exchange
– Interoperability of data relies on use of common
standards
• Data formats, dictionaries, metadata, reference
frames etc.
– Many data access networks occurring as separate
initiatives from ASDD, although some are available
– Marine XML developing as an exchange language for
marine spatial data
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User Access
• User Interface
– ‘based on my current location, what legislative
restrictions impact on what I can do?’
– Access and query spatial data and metadata to
provide decision support for stakeholders in the
marine environment
• Web services
–
–
–
–
metadata search facility
keyword search facility
spatial location search facility
data download mechanism to access spatial data
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Pilot Project Location
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Main Opportunities and Limitations for Marine SDI
Access Networks
Metadata
Many portals
Wireless access
Promote ASDD / common portal
People
Lead agency
Cooperation
Data
Policies
Institutional
willingness
Sensitivity
Limited availability
Quality
Pricing
Interoperability
Marine
Cadastre
Promote data sharing
Institutional ability
No fundamental datasets
Avoidance of duplication
Vertical communication
Marine SDI initiatives
Standards
Data formats
Reference frames
Marine XML
Common standards
Interoperability Standards
Strain,2006
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How Does this Research Fit in the Marine
Cadastre Project?
• Cadastre is a fundamental data layer in SDI
• Underpins other data layers
• Will need to comply with standards, policies,
and access components of SDI
• Also supported by ASDI that enables access
and use of marine cadastral data
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Competing and Conflicting Interests
in Coastal Zone
Marine Heritage
Aquaculture
Marine
Navigation
Fishing
Coastal zone
Disposal of Waste
Tourism and Recreation
Land
Coastal Defense/Security
Environment and Landscape
Mining
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Major Marine /Coastal Management
Issues
Shore Line Erosion and Sea Level Rise
Global Warming
Indigenous Resource Management
Loss of Habitat and Coastal Wetlands
Protecting Marine Heritage
Lack of Suitable Sites for Aquaculture
Rapid Coastal Population Growth
Native Title Claims
Confliction and Competing Demands
Pollution
Disposal of Waste
Increased Tourism and Recreation
Marine Defense and Security
Accelerating Rate of Urbanisation
Oil, Gas and Mineral Extraction
Depleted Petroleum (Oil and gas)
Over Fishing
Overfished Commercial Fisheries
Overfished Recreational Fisheries
Importance level
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Coastal Management Issues in Port
Phillip Bay
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Coastal Management Issues in Port
Phillip Bay
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Coastal Management Issues in Port Phillip Bay
Issues of coastal management
Overlapping interest
Yes
X
X
Data gaps over the coastal zone
Resolution differences due to scale
variations
Somewhat
X
Spatial data access and sharing
X
Interoperability issues
X
Port Phillip Bay Case Study,2006
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Issues and challenges of the land, coast, and marine environments
Land
Coast
Marine
Issues
 Complex physical and institutional relationship
Issues
Conflicting uses, activity and interests
• Integration
Data
Highlyinteroperability
dynamic
of oceanic
with 4Dand
boundaries
land-based databases
• Inherent
Data
Poor accuracy,
integratability
interrelationships
precision, consistency
between marine/coastal
and completeness
data and data covering in-land
• regions
Immature
No spatial descriptions
institutional arrangements
for legislation and various boundaries
Challenges
gaps institutional
over the coastal
zone
 Data
Immature
arrangements
Challenges
•Challenges
Copyright, ownership privacy and licensing
• Harmonised
and recovery
universal access to oceanic, coastal and land-based spatial data
Pricing
Privacy and
and cost
sensitivity
 Capacity
building, funding
Building partnerships
 Security and privacy issues
 Develop the national Coastal SDI as a subset of national SDI
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Issues in Developing Seamless SDI
 Technical Issues
• The dynamic and fuzzy nature of the shoreline
• Existence of different data formats, datums and also lack of metadata
and consistency in data
• Difference in scale, quality , coverage and format of spatial data
• S-57 hydrographic data standards are not at the same level of
completeness as ISO/TC 211
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Dynamic and Fuzzy Nature of the Shoreline
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Integration of Land and Marine Spatial Data
No
Item
Topographic Map
Nautical Chart
1
Coastline
-Taken from aerial photograph (the
meeting line of land and water at
time of exposure)
-Local Astronomic Tide (LAT)
2
Horizontal Datum
-GDA94
-WGS84
-GDA94
-WGS84
- AGD66
3
Vertical Datum
-AHD (Australian Height Datum or
Mean Sea Level) for land
elevations.
-no depth information
-Mean Sea Level (MSL) for land
elevations.
-Chart Datum for depth information: LAT,
ISLW
4
Projection system
-Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM).
-Mercator
5
Digital Storage Format
-Various format (DWG, ARC, SHP
,Hardcopy )
-Digital Nautical Charts: Raster
(TIFF, ECW)
-Electronic Navigation Chart:
DIGITAL - S-57 Version 3.1
-Nautical Chart: Digital and Non
digital - Raster HCRF V2 / GEOTIFF V1
(not to be used for navigation), Hardcopy
Printed Charts
-Bathymetric Map: Digital and Non
digital-ASCII, Hardcopy - Printed maps
6
Scale
-Systematically (1 to 10K, 25K,
50K, 100K, 250K).
-Not Systematically (range from large
scale to small scale)
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Issues in Developing a Seamless SDI
 Institutional and Legal Issues
• Various spatial datasets are collected and stored by different
organisations
• Immature institutional arrangements
• Limited knowledge of marine and coastal environment, boundaries
and their associated rights, restrictions and responsibilities
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
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Issues in Developing Seamless SDI
 Policy Issues
• Restrictive national security and pricing policy regarding marine and
coastal data
• Complex, fragmented regulating framework for marine and coastal
management
• Lack of agreed framework of standards, policies and coordination
mechanisms
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
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• National Initiatives
-Australia: Marine Cadastre, Marine SDI, Oceans Portal,
Australian Marine Spatial Information System (AMSIS),
Australian Marine Boundary Information System (AMBIS)
-United States: Coastal SDI, Marine Cadastre
-Canada: Marine Geospatial Data Infrastructure (MGDI) ,Marine
Governance, Marine Cadastre
-England: Marine Geospatial Data Infrastructure (MGDI)
-Ireland: Marine Irish Digital Atlas (MIDA)
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
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•
Regional Initiatives
- INSPIRE
- EU Water Framework Directive
- Asia-Pacific Regional SDI (APSDI)
•
Global Initiatives
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)
- Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS)
- Ocean21
- FIG commission 4 & 7
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Conclusion
• A more integrated and holistic approach to management of
coastal and marine environments would be facilitated by the
extension of the SDI on a seamless platform;
• As one platform instead of two to increase the efficiency and
effectiveness of the management and administration of the land,
marine and coastal environments;
• Need to understand link between the terrestrial and marine
environments – they cannot be treated isolation;
• However, the differences in the marine and terrestrial
environments in fundamental datasets, data collection and
technology used will make interoperability and integratability
between marine and terrestrial spatial data a big challenge.
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
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Future Direction
• Design and Develop detailed Architect for
Seamless SDI platform (using SOA)
• Seamless SDI Governance Structure
• Socio-economic and socio-technical impact
study
• Description of Seamless SDI using the Unified
Modelling Language( UML)
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Thank You
University of Melbourne
Spatial systems to support sustainable development
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