Transcript Document

System of Rice Intensification (SRI) “Less can Produce more”
Dr. A. SATYANARAYANA
Director of Extension
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
Modern Agriculture
 Overly Genocentric
 Productivity gains were possible with increased
use of inputs – Fertilizers, Pesticides, Water etc.
They are now giving
• Diminishing returns
• Creating environmental hazards, health risks
• Rising costs of production
21st Century Agriculture needs to be
 More productive in terms of
- Land, Labour, Water, Capital, Energy, inputs
 More environmentally benign
 More robust in the face of climate change
 More socially beneficial
- reducing poverty, greater food security
Biological power and Eco-agriculture should
be basic foundations for soil health
 Micro organisms and other soil biota as
creators and maintainers of soil fertility
 Greater attention to plants roots
The basic idea of SRI
Rice plants do best when their
- roots can grow large because
the plants are transplanted carefully
at wider spacing and
grown on soil that is kept well aerated
with abundant and diverse soil microorganisms
The contribution of soil microbial activity
need to be taken more seriously
The microbial flora causes a large number of
biochemical changes in the soil that
determine the fertility of soil (De Datta, 1981)
largely
System of Rice Intensification (SRI) – a way out
SRI offers increased factor productivity of
 Land
 Labour
 Water
 Rice is the most important food crop of India
 Rice has been identified as Growth Engine under
vision 2020 of Andhra Pradesh
 The area and production of rice is coming down in
recent years due to lack of sufficient water in
irrigation systems
 SRI has the potential to meet the challenge by
virtue of its capacity to double or even triple the
productivity and less water requirement
• SRI was first developed in Madaskar during 1980’s
• Not known outside Madagaskar until 1997
• Its potential is under testing in China, Indonesia,
Combodia, Thailand, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India
• In A.P, SRI is experimented all the 22 districts with
encouraging results
• Over 1,00,000 farmers
are experimenting with
this system world wide at
present
• Few thousands of acres
are under SRI in the
very second season in
AP
SRI Technology uses
Less external inputs
• Less seed (2 kg/ac)
• Fewer plants per unit area (25 x 25 cm)
• Less chemical fertilizer
• More organic manures
• Less pesticides
SRI is initially labour intensive
-
Needs 50% more man days for transplanting and
weeding
-
Mobilises labour to work for profit
-
It offers an alternative to resource poor, who puts in their
family labour
-
Once skills are learnt and implements are used, the
labour costs will be lesser than the present day Rice
cultivation
SRI encourages rice plant to grow healthy
with
 Large root volume
 Profuse and strong tillers
 Non-lodging
 Big panicle
 More and well filled spikelets and higher grain
weight
 Resists insects
Because it allows Rice to grow naturally
Root growth
 Root growth can be massive in response to SRI
practices
 3 hills under conventional method required 28 kg
of force to be pulled up
 Single SRI rice plants required 53 kg for uprooting
Tillering is greatly increased
 30 tillers per plant are fairly easy to achieve
 50 tillers per plant are quite attainable
 With really good use of SRI, individual plants can
have 100 fertile tillers or even more
Because no set back due to early transplanting
and no die back of roots
 Maximum tillering occurs concurrently with panicle
initiation
 With SRI positive correlation is found between the
number of panicles per plant and number of grains
per panicle
Rice plant
 Everybody believe that Rice is an aquatic plant





and grows best in standing water
Rice is not an aquatic plant, it can survive in water
but does not thrive under hypoxic conditions
Rice plants spends lot of its energy to develop air
pockets (aerenchyma tissue) in its roots under
continuous inundation
70% of Rice root tips get degenerated by flowering
period
Under SRI paddy fields are not flooded but keep
the soil moist during vegetative phase
SRI requires only about half as much water as
normally applied in irrigated rice
Conventional system with more water
Intermittent wetting and drying and Aeration
SIX MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES FOR SRI
1. EARLY TRANSPLANTING
seedlings 8-12 days old,
when plant has only
two small leaves,before
fourth phyllochron

More tillering potential

More root growth potential
2. CAREFUL TRANSPLANTING

Minimize trauma in transplanting
Remove plant from nursery with the
seed, soil and roots carefully and
place it in the field without plunging
too deep into soil
More tillering potential
After 12 days in
nursery
the plant height
is 7.7 inches
(18.8cm)
Length of main root
is 5 inches
(12.7 cm)
4 leaves
8 small roots
Diagram of possible stalks of a rice shoot
stalks grow following a regular cycle (phyllochron)
Contd..
3. WIDE SPACING

More root growth potential

More root growth, due to
reduced weed competition,
and aeration of soil, giving
roots more oxygen and N
due to increased microbial
activity we left in soil; can
add 1+tons per weeding?
Each additional weeding
after two rounds results in
increased productivity up to
2 t/ha/weeding
plant single seedlings,
not in clumps, and in
a square pattern, not rows,
25cm x 25cm or wider
4. WEEDING AND AERATION
needed because no standing water;
use simple mechanical “rotating hoe”
that churns up soil; 2 weedings
required, with 4 recommended before
panicle initiation; first weeding 10
days after transplanting
Contd..
5. WATER MANAGEMENT

More root growth because
avoids root degeneration able
to acquire more and more
varied nutrients from the soil

More plant growth because of
better soil health and structure,
and more balanced nutrient
supply
regular water applications to
keep soil moist but not saturated,
with intermittent dryings,alternating
aerobic and anaerobic soil
conditions
6. COMPOST/FYM
applied instead of or in addition to
chemical fertilizer; 10 tons/ha;
Green Manure crop (Sunhemp)
Crop residues
Crop residues
Nursery Management

Seed rate 2 kg/ac

Nursery area 1 cent/ac

Select healthy seed

Pre-sprouted seeds are
sown on raised nursery bed

Prepare nursery bed like garden crops

Apply a layer of fine manure

Spread sprouted seed sparcely

Cover with another layer of manure

Mulch with paddy straw

Water carefully

Banana leaf sheath may be used for easy lifting and
seedlings
transport of
Main field preparation
 Land preparation is not different from regular
irrigated rice cultivation
 Levelling should be done carefully so that water
can be applied very evenly
 At every 3 m distance form a canal to facilitate
drainage
 With the help of a marker draw lines both way at
25 x 25 cm apart and transplant at the intersection
PADDY YIELDS UNDER SRI IN COASTAL AREA
YIELD( Kg/ha)
12000
10000
8000
6000
Check
SRI
4000
2000
0
Vj
Sr
Vz Wg Eg
Kr Gn Pr
PADDY YIELDS UNDER SRI IN TELANGANA AREA
YIELD( Kg/ha)
14000
12000
10000
8000
Check
SRI
6000
4000
2000
0
Ma Ra Me Na Wa Kh Ka Ni Ad
PADDY YIELDS UNDER SRI IN RAYALASEEMA
YIELD( Kg/ha)
14000
12000
10000
8000
Check
SRI
6000
4000
2000
0
Ku
Ka
An
Ch
PADDY YIELDS UNDER SRI REPORTED BY DOA
YIELD( Kg/ha)
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Sr
Vj
Vz
Eg
Kr
Pr
Ku
An
Check
Ra
SRI
Ni
Ma
Na
Wa
Kh
Ka
Ad
Performance of SRI in AP- Kharif 2003
No. of Yield
trials results
> 10 t/ha
Range of
results
Yield
advantage
(kg/ha)
AP State
Rayalaseema
134
10
33
6
3.2-16.2
7.8-15.5
1869
4731
Telangana
40
10
4.2-16.2
2504
Coastal
84
17
3.2-14.3
1145
Performance of SRI in AP- Kharif 2003
(Trials organized by State DOA)
No. of trials
- 69
Average SRI yield (t/ha)
- 8.36
Control (t/ha)
- 4.89
State average productivity (t/ha) - 3.87
5 districts averaged over 10 t/ha
Report on SRI Cultivation
Name of the Farmer
Address
Season
Area under SRI
Variety
: Mr.A.Jayasurya Reddy
: Tarimala Village, Singanamala Mandal
Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh
: Rainy season 2003
: 0.2 ha
: BPT 5204
S.No.
Parameter
Farmers method
SRI
1.
No. of productive tillers/m2
503
706
2
No. of grains/panicle
87
152
3
Length of panicle (cm)
15.5
14.2
4
1000 grain weight (g)
13.3
14.4
5
Chaffy grain (%)
19.2
3.2
6
Grain yield (kg/ha)
5850
13297
7
Straw yield (kg/ha)
7110
12600
8
Duration(days)
150
140
Report on SRI Cultivation
Name of the Farmer
Address
Season
Area under SRI
Variety
: Mr.K.Venka Subba Reddy
: Konidedu Village, Panyam Mandal
Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh
: Rainy season 2003
: 840 m2
: BPT 5204
S.No.
Parameter
Farmers method
SRI
1.
Date of sowing
22-6-2003
19-7-2003
2
Date of Transplanting
31-7-2003
28-7-2003
3
Date of harvesting
10-12-2003
10-12-2003
4
Productive tillers/m2
510
1040
5
Panicle length (cm)
17.2
20.2
6
No. of grains/panicle
105
202
7
1000 grain weight(g)
18.8
21.1
8
Grain yield kg/ha
5625
15774
9
Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha)
16250
18000
Report on SRI Cultivation
Name of the Farmer
Address
Variety
Area under SRI
: Mr.Rakesh
: EdulapalliVillage, Kotturu Mandal
Mahabubnagar district, Andhra Pradesh
: BPT 5204
: 0.8 ha
S.No.
Parameter
Farmers method
SRI (*)
1.
Date of sowing
6-6-2003
7-7-2003
2
Date of Transplanting
28-6-2003
17-7-2003
3
Date of harvesting
6-11-2003
5-12-2003
4
No. of productive tillers/hill
20
40
5
Length of the panicle (cm)
14
20
6
No. of grains/panicle
150
210
7
Grain yield t/ha
4.7
8.9
(*) Only organic manures were applied
Report on SRI Cultivation
National Seed Project, ANGRAU, Hyderabad
Variety
Area under SRI
: BPT 5204
: 0.2 ha
S.No.
Parameter
Farmers method
SRI
1.
Age of seedling at transplanting
30
10
2
Days to 50% flowering
114
108
3
No. of productive tillers/hill
10
28
4
Panicle length (cm)
21.4
21.0
5
No. of grains per panicle
162
166
6
1000 grain weight (g)
14.4
14.4
7
Yield t/ha
5.7
7.1
SRI crop matured 10 days earlier
Report on SRI Cultivation
Name of the Farmer
Address
Area under SRI
Variety
: Mr.T.Sambi Reddy
: Bhadirajupalem Village,
ThotlavallurMandal
Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh
: 0.2 ha
: BPT 5204
S.No.
Parameter
Farmers method
SRI
1.
Date of sowing
20-7-2003
20-7-2003
2
Date of Transplanting
17-8-2003
1-8-2003
3
Date of harvesting
13-12-2003
13-12-2003
4
No. of productive tillers/hill
13
42
5
Length of the panicle(cm)
22
30
6
No. of grains/panicle
254
357
7
Grain yield (kg/ha)
8036
12576
8
Cost of cultivation per ha
15,000
17,500
SRI is counter - Intuitive
Less can produce more
Younger seedlings becomes larger and more productive
Fewer plants/hill and per m2 give more yield
Less water can give greater yield
SRI utilizes Biological Power
 Rice root system grown under SRI i.e., aerated soil do not
degenerate, are much larger and function better
 Soils that are aerated and well supplied with organic matter can
support longer and diverse populations of soil micro organisms,
which inturn mobilizes nutrients to the plant
 Phytohormones produced by bacteria and fungi living in soils
and roots promote root growth and the health of the plants
 Root exudates provide food to microorganisms
 Application of fertilizers and other agro chemicals has inhibiting
effect on soil biota
Benefits of SRI
1. Higher yields – Both grain and straw
2. Reduced duration (by 10 days)
3. Lesser chemical inputs
4. Less water requirement
5. Less chaffy grain %
6. Grain weight increased without change in grain size
7. Higher head rice recovery
8. Withstood cyclonic gales
9. Cold tolerance
10. Soil health improves through biological activity
Future needs
 Research to produce different models for different
situations
 To promote SRI by way of making information
available
 To organise a few demonstrations with farmers
participation
Swarna under SRI