Transcript How Dairy Farms Use Energy
How Dairy Farms Use Energy
A Summary of Electrical End Uses
Major Energy use Functions on a Dairy Farm
• Milk Harvest* • Milk Cooling* • Lighting* • Air Circulation* and Ventilation • Washing and Water Heating* • Feed Handling • Manure Handling • Water Pumping • Compressed Air * Indicates uses where significant energy savings is possible
WHERE IS ELECTRICITY USED ON DAIRY FARMS?
Summary of electric energy use on a typical dairy farm Feeding equipment 3% Electric water heating 5% Miscellaneous 2% Manure handling 5% Milking 18% Lighting 17% Milk cooling 26% Ventilation 24%
Source: NATC, Ithaca, NY
Freestall vs. Tie Stall Operations
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Freestall operations
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Tie stall operations
Feeding Equipment 1% Manure Handling 4% Misc.
1% Vacuum Pumps 17% Ventilation 22% Lighting 26% Electrical Water Heating 2% Milk Cooling 27% Feeding Equipment 7% Ventilation 21% Lighting 17% Manure Handling 3% Misc.
1% Vacuum Pumps 18% Milk Cooling 23% Electrical Water Heating 10%
What are EUIs?
• Energy Utilization Indices refer to the amount of energy used to accomplish a certain activity or process.
• EUIs for dairy farms are stated in one of two ways: • kWh/cow/year • kWh/cwt. milk shipped
Average EUIs for Dairy Farms
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Summary of EUIs from DLtech audits
Farm - kWh/cow-yr.
Range Vacuum Pump kWh/cow-yr-milking Range Milk cooling - kWh/CWT Range
Tiestall Barn
934 (542 - 1561) 72 (33 - 116) 0.92
(0.435 - 1.8)
Freestall Barn
811 (424 - 1736) 54 (12 - 149) 0.75
(0.40 - 1.4)
Total All Farms
865 62 0.824
What are ECMs?
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Energy Conservation Measures refer to equipment or operational measures that will increase efficiency and save energy
Most Common ECMs for Dairy Farms
• • • •
Variable speed drive vacuum pump Plate milk precooler Energy efficient lighting Refrigeration heat recovery
Dairy Hot Water Needs
Rule of thumb: 2 – 2.5 gal hot water per cow per day “Hot” water means temperatures from 160 to 170 ° F.
High temperatures are required for proper sanitation and equipment wash
How is Water heated?
• Smaller dairies (75 cows and under) often have electric water heaters • Propane water heaters are common • Larger dairies often have oil-fired water heaters or boilers to produce high volumes of hot water quickly
Reducing Energy Use for Water Heating
It takes about 872 BTUs to heat a gallon of water from 55 °F to 160°F • That yields four gallons of hot water per kWh of input energy • Repair dripping hot water faucets – One drop per second adds up to gallons of lost hot water every day
Refrigeration Heat Recovery
On average, a heat recovery system will save from $200 to $1,100 per year depending on the level of milk production and daily hot water requirements If you have an existing heat recovery system, is it still functioning properly?
They wear out, too!
Typical EUIs for Milk Cooling Systems
Milk cooling system EUI, kWh/cwt cooled Conventional 1.2 – 0.8 Well water precooler 0.9 – 0.6 Well water precooler with VFD on receiver pump 0.7
– 0.4
Low Cost Refrigeration Maintenance
• Keep your condenser well ventilated with cool air • Keep air-cooled condensers clean • For every 10-degree rise in ambient air temperature, cooling capacity is reduced 6% • Dirt on condenser reduces air flow volume and decreases heat transfer • Repair all refrigerant leaks • Check refrigerant sight glass often. There should be no bubbles
Pre-cool your milk Before it Reaches the Bulk Tank
• • • •
Can reduce the milk temperature by as much as 20 degrees Can reduce cooling costs by as much as 30% or 0.3 kWh/cwt.
Adding a VSD to the milk pump will enhance pre-cooler savings Pre-cooling can improve milk quality
Well Water Pre-cooler
• Example of a well water pre-cooler Product Out Water In Product In Water Out
Single Pass
Remote Outdoor Condensers
Scroll Compressors Use Less energy
• Replacing an old, worn hermetically seal reciprocating compressor with a new scroll compressor can reduce milk cooling costs by 20%
Fix Air Leaks in Compressed Air Systems
• •
Air leaks in compressed air systems waste a lot of energy.
Poor system maintenance can reduce air compressor system efficiency by 20% to 30%
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Annual cost of compressed air leaks
(Source: Compressed Air Challenge – Fact Sheet #7, April 1998)
Let’s Take a Break!!
Please be back in: 10 minutes
Save Energy with High Efficiency Lighting
• Lighting represents 17% of dairy farm electric energy use, on average • Incandescent lights are still used extensively on many dairy farms.
• High efficiency lighting systems can help dairy farmers save energy dollars • Compact fluorescent • Fluorescent • High Intensity Discharge (Metal Halide, High Pressure Sodium)
Take a Serious Look at Your Lighting
• Are you still using incandescent lamps in the barn?
• Consider an economical switch to compact fluorescent and save up to 70%
Lighting Savings Potential
Installation
# of lamps Total Lighting Load Hours per day kWh/day kWh/yr Energy Cost/yr Bulb Replacement Cost/yr cost/yr Total Annual Operating Cost Annual Savings Installed Cost Simple Payback Good Investment?
Incandescent Lights
100 Watt 30 3kW 8 24 8,760 $1,051 $144 $1,195 ---- existing ---- no
Compact Fluorescent
30 Watt 30 0.9 kW 8 7.2 2,628 $315 $204 $519 $676 $240 0.36 yrs yes
Flourescent Fixture
4' - 2 tube, T-8 20 1.44 kW 8 11.52 4,205 $505 $70 $575 $620 $1,900 3.1 yrs yes
What About Livestock Fountains?
• Heated livestock fountains are nearly a necessity in northern climates
How Can You Save Energy?
• Try to locate fountains in a sheltered area out of the wind • Carefully size fountains to the number of cattle using them – It is difficult to keep water above freezing if cattle seldom drink – When cattle drink from a fountain, the replacement water is usually warmer than the thermostat setting
Understanding Water Fountain Heat Loss
• Most heat is lost from the water surface
Water Fountain Energy Savings
• Consider covered water bowls to conserve heat in the fountain • Consider energy free water fountains – Highly insulated – Water bowl covers – Must be sized to number – of animals drinking
Always Check Temp. Setting
• Keep thermostat setting no higher than 40 to 45 degrees F.
• You don’t want to be constantly heating the groundwater (50 0 F.)
Milk Harvest
• The centerpiece of the milk harvest operation is the vacuum pump.
• The vacuum pump or pumps can consume up to 26% or the total electric energy used on a dairy farm • Vacuum pumps not controlled by a variable speed drive (VSD) represent an excellent energy savings opportunity
Sliding Vane Rotary Vacuum Pump
Water Ring Vacuum Pump
Rotary Lobe (Blower) Vacuum Pump
Turbine Vacuum Pump
Saving Energy Used for Milking
• First the easy stuff •
Check vacuum levels often
– vacuum levels that have changed from the desired value cause system performance changes, efficiency changes, and herd health problems •
Check vacuum pump temperature near the end of milking –
a significantly higher temperature than normal indicates that service is required including vacuum adjustment, removal of exhaust restrictions, repair of rotary vane oiling systems, or cleaning lobe blower pumps
More Easy Stuff
• •
Check vacuum pump motor temperature –
high vacuum pump motor temperatures indicate a high motor load perhaps caused by a vacuum pump problem or a problem with the supply voltage to the motor
Check variable speed drive operation –
if vacuum pump motor is running too fast, too slow or erratically, check for problems with the variable speed drive system or the milking system such as » » » »
Air leaks in milking system Loose pump belts Malfunctioning pulsators Variable speed drive vacuum sensor fouled
Check Air Leaks in Vacuum System
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A 5 cfm air leak in your milking system could cost you $150 per year in reduced milking system efficiency!
Adjustable Speed Drives on Vacuum Pump
Adjustable speed drives on vacuum pumps can save 50% or more of the energy used for milking. • If you milk more than 4 hours per day, an adjustable Speed Drive might be a good investment • ASDs also reduce wear on the vacuum pump and reduce pump noise for better operator comfort
Saving Energy with Adjustable Speed Drives on Vacuum Pumps • Typical energy use for operating vacuum pumps on dairy farms (without ASDs) range from 70 – 100 kWh/cow year • An Adjustable Speed Drive on the vacuum pump can reduce the energy use by as much as 60%, resulting in use as low as 25 to 50 kWh/cow-yr
Savings Potential with VSD Vacuum Pump
• • • • • • • • • • • •
System Without VSD Pump Size 10 hp Hours/day Average load (kW) 12 hrs 9 kW Energy/Day 108 kWh Annual Energy Cost $4,730 (@ 12¢/kWh) Annual Savings Cost of VSD Simple payback Source: NATC --- --- --- With VSD 10 hp 12 hrs 4.5 kW 54 kWh $2,365 $2,365 $4,100 1.75 yr
ASD on a Sliding Vane Rotary Vacuum Pump
What if you adopt all these ECMs on your Dairy Farm?
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You could save as much as $3600.00 per year in electric energy costs.
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Energy conservation pays!