Transcript Intelligent Management of Container Terminals Chuqian Zhang

BM_M0110/GSLM52700
Warehouse Planning and
Operations Systems
Yat-wah Wan
Room: C317; Email: ywan; Ext: 3166
Office Hour: Wed 3  5 pm, or by appointment
 1 
Objectives of the Course
 the
role and effect of warehouses in a
supply chain
 2 
Container Terminals
 3 
Outline
 background
 container
ports
 container
terminals
 goods
 an
and equipment
example: HIT
 decision
problems
 4 
Background
 5 
Terminology
 TEU
 twenty-foot
equivalent unit, the standard unit to
measure container throughput

a 40 ft container = 2 TEU
 6 
Venues for Container Transfer
 container
terminal
 container
yard
 feeder
ports and river ports
 mid-stream
 public
operations
cargo working areas
 7 
Questions

How important is containerization?

What are the advantages of containerization?
 pre-containerization
 bulk
(00:002:47)
cargo

What are the functions of container terminals?

What facilities and equipment are required in
container terminals?
 8 
Container Ports
 world
 top
traffic
10 containers ports in 2011
 how
to rank these ports:
 Busan,
Dubai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Ningbo,
Qingdao, Rotterdam, Shanghai, Shenzhen,
Singapore
 9 
Ranking of Container Ports

2010


6 of the top 10 busiest container ports in China (units in TEU)

Shanghai (1st, 29.1 m), Hong Kong (3rd, 23.7 m), Shenzhen (4th, 22.5 m),
Ningbo (6th, 13.1 m), Guangzhou (7th, 12.6 m), Qingdao (8th, 12 m)

Singapore (2nd, 28.4 m), Busan (5th, 14.2 m), Dubai (9th, 11.6 m),
Rotterdam (10th, 11.4 m)

Tianjin (11th, 10.1), Kaohsiung (12th, 9.2 m)
2011

throughput of container ports in Taiwan

in decreasing importance: Kaohsiung (9.64 mill TEU), Keelung (1.75 mill TEU),
Taichung (1.38 mill TEU)
 10 
Container Terminals
 11 
A Container Terminal
as a Warehouse
a
special type of warehouse
 very
standardized goods for short term storage
 some
 flexible
form of consolidation
layout for the same type of containers
 heavy
equipment
 highly
information driven
 12 
A Container Terminal
as a Warehouse

to “define” a container terminal

goods

layout

equipment

processes

information systems

problems
 13 
Types of Goods
 containers
 various
types, of different size, weight, nature,
port of destination, and port of origin, etc.
 bulk
goods
 breaking
down and building up at a Cargo
Freight Station
 14 
Vessels
 non-self
sustained cellular (NSSC)
 self
sustained cellar (SSC)
 self
sustained non-cellular (SSNC)
 car
carrier/RoRo ships
 ultimate
container carrier (UCC)
 lighter/barge
 15 
Container Movements
in and out of a Terminal
import
vessel
discharging
vessel
loading
“deterministic”
in time and
processing order
Blocks in
a Container Yard
export
 16 
container
picking up
container
grounding
“stochastic” in
time and
processing order
Typical Container Terminal Layout
Maintenancy
Yard
Gate House
Temporary ParkingBlocks, Ycs, and QCs
Lot for ITs
Block, IT and YC
CFS
Offices
Gate House
QCs and container vessel
blocks
of containers block
yard
crane
QC
IT and QC
 17 
vessel
Equipment

crane

quay

job crane

rubber tyred gantry
crane

other equipment

automatic guided
vehicle

straddle carrier

tractors

front loader


rail-mounted gantry
crane

scaffold platform

chassis

bridge crane
 18 
reach stackers
HIT
 19 
Hongkong International Terminals

relative location



terminals: 4, 6, 7, 9, and 50% of 8 East
areas





a clearer picture
a total 92 hectares for terminals 4, 6, and 7
30 hectares for terminal 8
19 hectares for terminal 9
> 5 km quay length, 14 ship berths, & 9 barge berths
57 quay cranes, 8 rail-mounted jib cranes, 24 rail-mounted
gantry cranes, 184 rubber-tyred gantry cranes , Hutchison
Logistic Centre: 377,741 m2
 20 
Hongkong International Terminals
Example: HIT/COSCO HIT Terminals
 operations

 key
facts, terminal layout, work flow,
virtual tour: guided tour and spots light work
flow and information systems
 throughput: 10.253 mill TEU in 126 ha (2010)

 1170
TEU/hour
 179,900 TEU/QC/year
 21 
Web Material for
Container Terminals
 Singapore
Port - World's Busiest Port
 Hongkong
International Terminals
 ….
…. ….
 22 
Decision Problems
in Container Terminals
 23 
Performance Indices

throughput

number per unit time



for terminal, cranes, gate house
utilization


of container, of each type of container, of move
cranes, space (block, stack, slot), berth occupancies
time in system

tractors, vessels, containers
 24 
Operations Decisions
in a Container Terminal
berth allocation (allocating
vessels to berths)
schedule and stowage
plan of vessels
QC allocation (allocating QCs to
(bays of) vessels)
storage space allocation (determining the numbers of
I/B & O/B containers of each vessel in a block)
location assignment (determining the exact locations
of containers in blocks)
RTGC deployment (deploying
RTGCs in real time)
 25 
IT deployment (deploying ITs in
real time)
Literature Review papers
Related to Container Terminals




Murty, K.G., J.Y. Liu, Y.-w. Wan, R. Linn (2005) A
decision support system for operations in a container
terminal, Decision Support Systems, 39(3), 309-332.
Stahlbock, R., and S. Voss (2008) Operations research at
container terminals: a literature update, OR Spectrum,
30(1), 1-52.
Steenken, D., S. Voss, and R. Stahlbock (2004) Container
terminal operation and operations research – a
classification and literature review, 26(1), 3-49.
Vis IFA (2006) Survey of research in the design and
control of automated guided vehicle systems, European
Journal of Operational Research, 170(3), 677-709.
 26 
Advantages of Containerization
 simplify
packaging, loading, unloading, and
custom checking of goods
 reduce
transportation times and costs
 increase
utilisation of vessels and ports
 27 
Advantages of Containerization

disadvantages of bulk goods in pre-container era









loading, unloading, and stacking operations for each carrier change
manually with low efficiency
high labor cost, 80% of total cost for bulk goods by 1960’s
long vessel porting time
good packaging consuming time and costs
damages
mixing up of goods
custom checking at each intermediate ports
more paperwork and high insurance charge
 28 
Time Taken for Containerization


not all goods can be containerized
the magnitude of changes



a totally new managing and controlling mechanism
new port design
new loading and unloading operations , replacement of



fork-finger quays replaced by long water front quays
small dollies and trolleys by huge shore and yard cranes
labourers by skilful equipment operators



Job reduction
huge investment in material handling equipment and human resources
new custom practice for eliminating individual consignments
 29 
Functions of Container Terminal
 intermodal
interface
 temporary
storage for containers
 paperwork
for containers
 building
up & breaking down of containers
 30 
Types of Container
 ordinary
dry container: most common
 31 
Types of Container

reefer container
temperature control
 e.g., for frozen meat and diary products


ventilated container
holes for ventilation
 for fruits and vegetables


insulated container

keeping heat from the cargoes
 32 
Types of Container

open top container



flat rack container



loaded and unloaded from top
for large-size, heave items
bottom part and two small sides
for heavy or odd-size items
platform container


a plain plate without sides
for extra large and/or weight
 33 
Types of Container
 bulk
container
 for
bulk goods
 hatch
 free
covers on top for loading & unloading
flowing bulk material container
 for
carrying powder, fluid, or gas
 using
pumps for loading and unloading
 34 
Types of Container
 special
 dress
 for
 pen
purpose container, e.g.,
hanger container
clothes without folding
container
 for
animals
 with
net on its sides
 35 