Transcript CFS40

A Report on the Fortieth
Committee on World Food Security
Meetings at the Food and Agriculture Organization
Rome, Italy, 7-11 October 2013
The Issues -The Players -The Program
The issues
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Food to Feed the World
The Right to Food
Enhancing nutrition
Responsible investment
Smallholders and
Agribusiness
 Biofuels prospects and
consequences
 Land and Water
 Women’s Empowerment
The players
 130 government delegations, 100 civil society and 50 private sector
organizations.
 Private Sector Mechanism
 Civil Society Mechanism
 Farmer Community
 Governments
 International Governmental Organizations
The program
 Report on the State of World
Food Insecurity
 Policy Roundtables
 Biofuels and Food Security
 Investing in Smallholder
Agriculture for Food Security
and Nutrition
 Other CFS Workstreams
 Going forward
The State of World Insecurity
Key Messages
 842 million chronically hungry – 1 in 8 people. This is down 17% from 1990-
1992
 Trends on track for coming close to but not meeting MDG 1 – more effort
needed to get there
 Economic growth alone is not enough to alleviate hunger and poverty –
growth needs to be sustained and shared
 Marked differences across regions – SSAfrica most undernorished; no
progress in W. Asia; slow progress in S. Asia and N. Africa; improvements in
E &SE Asia and Latin America
 Food security is complex – better portrayed with a variety of indicators, not
just a few
The State of Food Insecurity
Key messages – continued
 In a number of countries undernutrition rates indicate crucial need for
intervention at all stages, from « farm to fork », particularly targeting
women
 Policies directed at increased productivity, particularly of smallholders, not
only helps reduce hunger and poverty but has multiplier effects spurring
rural development
 Remittances are 3x ODA – can help reduce poverty and hunger, improve
diets, increase on-farm investment
 Long-term commitments with effective policy regimes, reforms, incentives
and sustained social protection crucial for achieving major reductions in
poverty and undernourishment
Policy Roundtables
 Investing in Smallholder
Agriculture for Food
Security and Nutrition
 Biofuels and Food Security
Biofuels Issues and Prospects
 The issues
 Impact on agriculture commodity prices
 Impacts on land use, water use, other agricultural resources
 The evidence
 Trends in prices
 Land and water use
 Implications
 CFS policy guidance
High Level Panel of Experts
Report on Biofuels and Food Security
…conduct a science-based
comparative literature analysis
taking into consideration the
work produced by the FAO and
Global Bioenergy Partnership
(GBEP) of the positive and
negative effects of biofuels on
food security …
Biofuels Policies
 Different biofuels profiles of countries and regions have
given rise to varied national biofuels plans and policies
 Countries have tended to regulate biofuels imports while
encouraging biofuels exports
 The biofuels market has evolved from energy price
shocks of the 1970’s, through periods of heavy subsidies
and other incentives, to a mature market that can now
(Brazil) or soon (USA) operate without aid and in
response to movements in world energy prices
 Over 50 countries have adopted biofuels policies with an
eye toward fleet fuel mix, GHG emissions, and
competing demands for land and water used in
agricultural pursuits
Biofuels Technology Frontier
 Impacts of biofuels on food security depends
on choice of feedstock (especially), land and
water involved, relative efficiencies of
production, and processing technologies
 Concern over competition between biofuels
and food production has been particularly
acute given the overwhelming use of food- and
feedcrops for both ethanol and biodiesel
 Second generation biofuels have been slower
to evolve than hoped; and the jatropha
experience has shown that any new biomass
for biofuels schemes will spur competing
demands for land and water, impacting on food
security
Biofuels, Food Prices, Hunger and
Poverty
 World biofuel production has
increased 5-fold in less than a decade
 The steep increase in demand for
biofuels was a major but not the only
factor contributing to rising food
prices in 2007/2008
 The complexities of cause and effect
inter-relationships in food and energy
markets blur conclusive cost benefit
analyses of the impacts of biofuels on
food security
 the growth in biofuel demand
could continue so long as oil
prices remain higher than the cost
of biofuel production.
Biofuels and
Land
 Except when relying on crop residues and
waste, biofuel production requires land. It
thus competes for land with other
agricultural activities
 The debate is very much oriented by
prospective considerations on what
is/would be the land needed to produce a
certain quantity of biofuels versus what
is/would be the land “available” globally,
given the need to increase food production
to satisfy a growing demand.
 Major assessments suggest that ample
amounts of land can be mobilized to
confront future food (and biofuels)
demand on the condition that good
management practices are adopted
 Many authors point to the need for a
clearer picture of what “available land”
means, some preferring to use
“underutilized” land, while others contest
the very notion, arguing that most, if not
all, land is already used, in various ways
 Many have questioned the role of biofuels
as a driver of domestic and foreign largescale investments in land, often called
“land grabbing”.
Biofuels and bioenergy
Socio-economic impacts and development perspectives
 An appreciation of impacts over time and
on a macro or regional scale is still largely
speculative.
 If small farmers have inadequate access to
basic resources of land and water, little can
be done to consolidate their income on a
productive basis
 Positive welfare results with the expansion
of ethanol replacing other export crops
rather than foodstuffs
 A growing number of studies have tried to
bring to the attention of policy-makers the
importance of taking gender into account
in biofuels development.
 The most positive use of biofuels in highly
rural developing countries where transport
fuels are less important and where the
majority of the rural poor live without access
to energy is in the development of bioenergy
initiatives for cooking, heating and local
power generation.
 A number of scholars have produced
typologies to identify both the conditions
under which biofuel/bioenergy policies
should be adopted in developing countries
and the specific focus that these policies
should have in each country,
Biofuels Report Recommendations
 Adapt to the change to
global, market-driven
dynamics
 Address the land, water
and resource implications
of biofuel policies
 Foster the transition from
biofuels to comprehensive
food-energy policies
 Promote Research and
Development
 Develop methods and
guidelines for coordinated
food, biofuels, bio-energy
policies at national and
international levels
Biofuels: The CSM Position
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Biofuels are emblematic of a failing food system,
increasing food price volatility, reinforcing
inequity where a few capture scarce resources
and many are bearing the costs.
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There is overwhelming evidence that the artificial
demand for biofuels is undermining the right to
food, causing significant increases in food
insecurity, malnutrition, and land-grabbing.
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The fast- growing demand for biofuels is largely
the result of direct and indirect subsidies,
including mandatory blending quotas and
targets, especially in the EU and the Americas.
The promotion of biofuels is undermining the
right to food, and not just through rising food
prices and greater food price volatility.
All of the research into land grabbing confirms a
very substantial number and scale of
landgrabbing for monoculture production of
biofuels.
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Loss of land and livelihoods and the ability to
grow food resulting from such land grabs is
another significant cause of increased hunger
and malnutrition.
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Increased demand for water and outright water
grabbing for biofuels pose a further serious
threat to the right to food.
The CFS must therefore
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Call on governments to eliminate direct and
indirect subsidies for biofuels
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Explicitly acknowledge the conflict between
biofuels and food
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Acknowledge that biofuels policies are not
achieving their key original aim
Biofuels: The PSM Position
 The biofuels industry has
evolved into a viable,
sustainable provider of clean
energy with all incumbent
benefits of jobs, incomes,
and reduced emissions of
GHG
 Biofuel demand, supply,
production , and
consumption are important
but not unique in their
impacts on prices for
agricultural commodities.
 The biofuels industry can
coexist effectively and
constructively with all
producers of agricultural
commodities through
cooperation and responsible
planning and management
of agricultural resources.
Biofuels: CFS40 Outcomes
 Biofuel development should not compromise food security
 “Progressive realization of the right to adequate food for all" should be a
priority concern in biofuel development
 Biofuel development should especially consider women and smallholders
 The CFS encouraged FAO and other stakeholders to look at ways to help
countries strengthen their capacities to assess their situation with regards
to biofuels, taking into account food security concerns at global, regional
and national levels, and legitimate land tenure rights.
 "Governments and other appropriate stakeholders are encouraged to
review biofuels policies - where applicable and if necessary - according to
balanced science-based assessments of the opportunities and risks they
may present for food security,"
Investing in Smallholder Agriculture
for Food Security and Nutrition
 The Issues
 Constraints on investing
 Overcoming constraints
 Perspectives on responsible
agricultural investments (RAI)
 CSM and PSM positions
 CFS Policy Guidance
High Level Panel of Experts
Report on Investing in Smallholder Agriculture
for Food Security
prepare "a comparative study of constraints to
smallholder investment in agriculture in different
contexts with policy options for addressing these
constraints, taking into consideration the work
done on this topic by IFAD, and by FAO in the
context of COAG, and the work of other key
partners … include a comparative assessment of
strategies for linking smallholders to food value
chains in national and regional markets and what
can be learned from different experiences, as well
as an assessment of the impacts on smallholders
of public-private as well as farmer cooperativeprivate and private-private partnerships"
Investing in Smallholder Agriculture for Food
Security – What is smallholder agriculture?
 There are a number of different definitions with different
implications for measurement and assessing investment needs.
 Smallholder agriculture is typically conducted by individual farmers
and their families. The definition is necessarily flexible. Smallholder
agriculture is also defined by what it is not: large commercial
holdings with hired labour at one end, and landless farm workers at
another.
 To inform sound policy-making, more accurate and extensive data
are needed on all facets of smallholder farming activities.
Investing in Smallholder Agriculture for Food
Security –Why invest in smallholder agriculture?
 In many countries, smallholder agriculture is the socioeconomic foundation, and in most of
them profound changes are occurring, creating great challenges of national importance, often
against the interest of smallholders
 Historical models of economic and social transformations in the West are much less applicable
today as demographic patterns and rural/urban economic dynamics lend themselves to
different sets of risks and opportunities
 «The contribution that smallholder agriculture makes to world food security and nutrition is
both direct, in as far as it links production and consumption for many rural households, and
indirect because (a) it is provisioning domestic markets with the main food products, (b) it
does so in a potentially resilient way, and (c) because in many countries smallholder
agriculture functions as an important social safety net. »
 In less developed countries there are more and more smaller and smaller farms. In more
developed countries, there are fewer and fewer larger and larger farms . Definitional issues
not withstanding, there are upwards of 500 million smallholder farms contributing 20 percent
of the world’s food supply.
Investing in Smallholder Agriculture for Food
Security – Who invests in smallholder agriculture?
 Most investments in smallholder agriculture are made by smallholder
farmers for themselves, mostly through own labour to improve the
resource base, and to a lesser extent through personal savings and
remittances
 Public investments in and for agriculture have fallen considerably since the
1980s
 Larger export-oriented enterprises have been favoured, while the
smallholder sector, producing mainly for the domestic market, has been
neglected.
 There is growing interest in making more effective use of public–private
partnerships (PPPs) in order to better mobilize and orient private
investments towards collective goals.
Investing in Smallholder Agriculture for Food Security –
What are the constraints to investing in smallholder
agriculture?
 Constraints include poverty, high risk (personal, financial,
environmental), declining farm sizes, lack of incentives, difficult
market access, and a weak voice in policy debates.
 The diversity of such constraints to investment can be organized
along three dimensions related to
 assets
 markets
 institutions
Investing in Smallholder Agriculture for Food Security – What strategies have
been shown to work in overcoming these constraints and enhancing
investment in smallholder agriculture?
 Supporting investments by smallholders themselves
 Designing policies that are integrated
 Supporting the multifunctional roles of smallholders
 Adopting a transparently determined political processes
 Improving assets, improving markets and improving institutions for smallholders
 Investing in public goods is essential
 Strengthening the collective voice of smallholders
 Respecting the right to food.
HLPE Report on Investing in Smallholder
Agriculture for Food Security -- Recommendations
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Develop national strategies and mobilize political will
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Gain access to natural assets
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Provide a favourable investment climate
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Improve productivity through research and extension.
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Invest beyond the farm: rural non-farm economy and territorial development
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Promote awareness on the specific instruments, programmes and policies needed to realize the right to food
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Support the National Smallholder Investment Strategies by financing pilots of the design, implementation and
monitoring of such strategies in a small number of countries.
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The CFS could take up the challenge of leading inclusive processes to develop
 guidelines on contract farming and
 guidelines on PPPs that relate to investment in smallholder farming.
CSM Position on Responsible Investment in Agriculture
 The particular challenges and priorities of agricultural and food workers must be given
adequate attention.
 Small-scale food producers cannot be grouped in the same category as other “private
investors,” that include large-scale investors, state enterprises, financiers and corporations.
 The rai principles will only have an added value if they include clear criteria of what kinds of
investment are considered not responsible.
 The rai principles must clearly articulate the importance of public investment that favours
small scale food producers, and the roles and responsibilities of the state in relation to
enabling and facilitating public investment, provision of public goods and services, public
policy, and regulatory and legal frameworks that address the interests and priorities of smallscale food producers.
 The rai principles should call for agricultural systems based primarily on the use of local
resources and natural interactions of ecosystems, and supporting bottom-up processes that
make the best use of local producers' traditional knowledge, know-how, experimentation and
innovation.
 Civil society expresses concerns regarding the time-line of the rai consultation process and the
drive by some to push the consultations beyond 2014.
PSM Position on Responsible Investment in Agriculture - 1
 Food Security and Nutrition impacts
 Investment is needed to foster food production, avoid waste, and
create value added products.
 Investments should be assessed at the local, national and regional
level taking into account potential trade offs.
 Investments that support smallholders in moving from
subsistence farming to creating surpluses are
advantageous to help support food security through local,
regional and international trade.
 Environmental and natural resources impacts
 Environmental impacts of investment projects should be
assessed and measures taken to encourage sustainable
resource use while minimizing the risk of negative impacts and
mitigating them.
 Investments in the transportation, storage, and handling of grain
can help to minimize post harvest losses and increase overall
food availability.
PSM Position on Responsible Investment in Agriculture - 2
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Economic and social impacts:
 Investment, foreign and domestic, should be encouraged as a vital source of capital as well as a driver for
increased productivity in the national market, and as a source of significant secondary job creation.
 Investors should ensure that projects respect the rule of law, reflect industry best practice, and result in
durable shared value.
 Investments should generate desirable social and distributional impacts and should not increase vulnerability.
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Cultural impacts:
 Consumers should have choice in their food and should have access to a diverse, nutritious diet.
 Projects that add value to food in-country are advantageous.
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Governance structures, review mechanisms and decision making processes to enable and facilitate responsible
agricultural investment
 Domestic markets and foreign investment require the same conducive operating environment,
 Governments should prioritise putting those elements of a conducive operating environment in place to help
attract quality domestic and foreign investments.
 Guidelines and rules for investment should be clearly stated and easily available to encourage transparency
and accountability.
 States should ensure that all actions are consistent with their existing obligations under national and
international law
PSM Position on Responsible Investment in Agriculture - 3
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Regulation and governance of investments, in particular the role of the State
National governments should establish transparent regulations for large-scale investment on the size,
mode and rules regarding maximum acquisitions.
 An acquisition should ensure proper remuneration for any affected tenure holders, workers or
affected communities.
 All those materially affected should be consulted, and agreements from consultations need to
recorded and enforced.
 Investors have the responsibility to respect national law and legislation, in particular the tenure rights
of others and the rule of law
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Policy coherence and sector development
Clearly articulated national priorities for development can help guide investment and assess the most
suited investment proposals.
 Working with national and international priorities, an integrated approach to improving whole value
chains can offer benefits.
 Investments should take place across a range of issues to ensure a coherent and effective
development of the agricultural sector and value chain
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Coordination among all stakeholders
States and affected parties should contribute to the effective monitoring of the implementation and
impacts of investments in agriculture.
 All stakeholders involved and affected
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PSM Position on Responsible Investment in Agriculture - 4
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Complementarities between public and private investments
Both public and private sector investment can contribute to develop a robust agricultural sector and
value chain – both need the same conducive operating environment, offering predictability,
transparency, accountability, and stability.
 Public and private investment can be complementary and often be part of the same investment
projects where their complementary quality and terms are reinforcing of the projects’ objectives.
 Public investment in key areas, such as infrastructure, in addition to its direct impact on local
populations, is often an essential pre-requisite to attracting private investment.
 Improved coordination between public and private investment in infrastructure can have a multiplier
effect on development assistance.
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Multilateral and regional organizations including international and regional financial institutions
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Coherence is needed between the various projects at a multilateral level on agricultural investment.
Promotion of accountability
Transparency, clarity, respect, and accountability should be the responsibility of both investors and
governments.
 Best practices in corporate governance, integrated reporting, and responsibility, such as those in the
UN Global Compact, provide useful examples for private sector engagement.
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Responsible Agriculture Investment
CFS40 Outcomes
 Agreed on the importance of integrating smallholder agriculture into
national policies, strategies, and research aimed at boosting investment
and sustainable development
 Adopted a policy recommendation calling on governments, together
with smallholder organizations, civil society, the private sector, research
institutions and international development partners, to work together
to "build a country-owned vision" designed to boost investments in
smallholder agriculture.
 Recommended consideration of how agricultural, urban and rural sector
policies, strategies and budgets could best enable smallholder access to
productive assets, local, national and regional markets, appropriate
training, research, technology and farm support services - especially for
women.
CFS Workstreams
 principles for responsible agricultural investments
 addressing food insecurity in protracted crisis situations
 the global framework for food security and nutrition
 rules of procedure
 a framework for monitoring CFS decisions
 programme of work and priorities and emerging issues
 the CFS communication strategy
Addressing Food Security in Protracted
Crisis Situations
Characteristics of protracted crisis situations include
 multiple underlying causes
 extreme levels of food insecurity
 weak governance and public
administration
 breakdown of local institutions
 unsustainable livelihoods and food systems
Addressing Food Security in Protracted
Crisis Situations – Agenda for Action
 the critical role of country ownership and accountability for response strategies;
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the supporting role played by regional bodies
the contribution of local social institutions, civil society and the private sector
the role of governance, fragility and peace-building processes and approaches;
the contribution of food security in addressing state fragility and conflict resolution;
the need for more flexible, responsive and stable funding mechanisms and investment
vehicles;
the opportunities presented by resilience-building programming and approaches to
develop integrated strategies
prioritization of actions based on results-based approaches and realistic objectives to
increase stakeholder accountability.
The Agenda for Action will be presented to CFS 41 in 2014 for endorsement.
The Global Framework for Food
Security and Nutrition
The Global Strategic Framework for Food Security and
nutrition (GSF) is a single, living document to be approved by
the CFS Plenary. Its purpose is to improve coordination and
guide synchronized action by a wide range of stakeholders.
The GSF will be flexible so that it can be adjusted as priorities
change. The main added value of the GSF is to provide an
overarching framework and a single reference document with
practical guidance on core recommendations for food security
and nutrition strategies, policies and actions validated by the
wide ownership, participation and consultation afforded by
the CFS.
Steering Committee 2013-2015
 Mr Amadou Allahoury (Niger)
 Ms Marion Guillou (France)
 Ms Sheryl Hendriks (South
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Africa)
Ms Joanna Hewitt (Australia)
Mr Masa Iwanaga (Japan)
Ms Carol Kalafatic (USA)
Mr Bernardo Kliksberg
(Argentina)
Mr Renato Maluf (Brazil)
Ms Sophia Murphy (Canada)
Ms Ruth Oniang’o (Kenya)
 Mr Michel Pimbert (UK)
 Mr Per Pinstrup-Andersen
(Denmark)
 Ms Maryam Rahmanian (Iran)
 Ms Magdalena Sepúlveda (Chile)
 Mr Huajun Tang (China)
Gerda Verburg of the
Netherlands was elected as
the CFS Chair for a two-year
term.
Ralph Doggett
Managing Director
Council for Multilateral Business Diplomacy
[email protected]