Transcript Slide 1

CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURES 2
CONSTRUCTION
&
STRUCTURES
2
ASSIGNMENT 1
Project 1
Erin Kyne, Belinda Capper, Natalie Djuric-Schembri, Eva Klaic
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
RESEARCH
• TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES
TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES
St Andrews Anglican Church, Tasmania
http://oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/315/churi0.html
TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES
OVERVIEW
Timber portal frame construction is an option for the warehouse. The system involves the
use of Plywood Box Beams. Plywood box Beam portal frames have frequently been used
for spans up to 30 meters, and it is suggested the span could reach up to 50 meters with
specialty knee joints (Yttrup & Evans). The warehouse span is 40 meters, and therefore the
timber potal frame is an option to consider. The system is an attractive alternative to the
steel portal frame. It is visually appealing, lightweight and easy to erect.
Store Building, Mt Gambia, S.A http://oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/207/istos.html
TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES
EXAMPLES
St Andrew’s Anglican Church
http://oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/315/cchur.html
Factory Building
Legana, Tasmania
http://oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/440/fac
tory_img6.html
TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES
PLYWOOD BOX BEAMS
The Plywood Box Beam is a rectangular
shaped timber box. The flanges and stiffeners
are solid wood, and the outer lining is plywood.
The lining is attached with either glue or nails.
The main characteristic of the Plywood Box
Beam is the high strength to weight ratio. They
are also easily constructed and the materials
are readily available
www.oak.arch.utas.edu.au
STEEL PLATE AND DOWEL KNEE JOINT BRACKET
For spans over 20 meters, the box beams must be
connected with steel plate and dowel knee joint
brackets. When this type of joint is used with box
beam depths of 2.4 meters tapering to 1.2 meters,
spaced at 12 meters, the spaning cappacity of the
portal frame is up to 50 meters. This well covers the 40
meter span required for the warehouse.
www.oak.arch.utas.edu.au
TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES
SUMMARY
The lack of commercial use of the long span
timber portal frame has led us to move away
from this option. While the evidence from
Yttrup and Evans suggests that it can span up
to 50 meters, there are few available examples
of this in comparison to the much more
commonly found steel portal frames
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS RESEARCH
•STEEL CONSTRUCTION
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION
•Without compromising its structural integrity, steel can achieve many functions.
Ranging from its malleability – where structural designs are endless due to the range
of parts attainable, its durability – being a medium that is capable of withstanding time
and weathering, provided it is treated, and its lustre for purely aesthetic reasons.
•As well as its previously mentioned properties, steel may also be combined with
various other chemicals to further enhance its role in construction.
Known as alloying, chemicals such as nickel and magnesium are combined with the
steel to produce rust resistance and toughness respectively.
Additional coatings such as paints and enamels may too be added, in hope of
further extending the life of the material. For example, Zinc – Aluminium alloy protects
the material against the effects of weathering. Because of this, steel alloying provides
construction with the “architectural freedom, economy of design, speed and
flexibility…” (http://www.onesteel.com.au) suitable for many types of tenders.
•Hot and cold rolling of steel products is generally undertaken to further
increase the strength of the material. As cast steel is originally relatively weak,
rolling of the steel ‘re – crystallise’ the grain structure into a much finer state,
reinforcing additional strength, shock resistance and toughness. Fitting for this
reason, roofing, flooring and cladding systems are ideal.
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
Excellent strength: weight ratio.
Provides the flexibility to modify,
without significant strengthening.
Provides a wide range of spanning
capabilities depending on what type of
structure is being used, trusses and
rafters are some examples.
Open plan layout, providing
versatility to a wide market.
Completion time of projects, roughly
20% faster than alternatives.
Disadvantages:
Construction relies heavily on the
competency of engineers.
Due to over estimation on behalf of
ill informed quantity surveyors,
construction may be costly.
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
ROOFING
•Steel roofing and walling provides thermal efficiency if adequate insulation is provided,
durability in most situations, are suitable for curving and come in a range of
profiles to suit most, if not all, architectural requirements. It should also be said
that such roofing systems are economical as they require minimal sub – framing.
Steel Sheet Roofing Examples:
Custom Blue Orb
Integrity 820
Custom Orb
Spandek
Source: http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
WALLING
Steel Cladding Examples:
Easyclad
Klip-lock 700
Hi-strength
Mini Orb
Multiline
Source: http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
FLOORING
Source: http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au
•We have decided to use Bondek, a steel flooring system for the first floor in
our showroom and office building as it has excellent spanning capabilities
which creates greater strength and eliminates the possibility for deflection to
occur. The use of Bondek also means time saving, as the use of temporary
formwork is eliminated with permanent. This in turn creates a safe working
platform for employees.
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
FLOORING - BONDEK
Advantages:
Slip resistant, provided a
non-slip resistant finish isn’t
placed over top.
Termite resistant.
Comes equipped with a
durable galvanized coating
Allows for freedom of
design with the majority of
steel members on the
market.
Eliminates annoying
bounce and squeak when
installed correctly.
Disadvantages:
It is very heavy, and
therefore extra structural
support underneath the
flooring is required.
Auxiliary requirements
such as stairs can be
difficult to accommodate.
Additional electrical and
pipe work is difficult once
flooring has been
cemented.
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
PORTAL FRAMES
•Being “a continuous rigid frame with a restrained joint between the column
and the beam”, portal frame construction is the most effective and efficient
solution to long span construction. Because the frame acts as one structural
entity, the stresses induced may be distributed throughout the frame and
down into the foundations, whereby further rigid connections to the plate are
prepared.
Note: above information sourced from ‘Portal Frame.ppt’ located in the resources folder
of SRT 251, found on DSO. (http://www.deakin.edu.au/dso/)
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
PORTAL FRAMES – CONNECTIONS
•With reference to base plate connection of the portal frame, 3 methods may
be adopted:
Rigid Base Connection.
2 Pin Portal Connection.
3 Pin Portal Connection.
•The placement of ‘pins’ as a method of securing the structure together and to
the base plate is purely a method of construction. Unlike the rigid base
connections that transfer the bending moments of the frame to the footings, via
the strategic placement of bolts, pin connections do not.
•The use of a rigid base system in constructing the portal frame is advantageous
in that it transfers all the bending moments to the rigid connections of the frame,
the apex, knee and base. This in turn creates a sturdier system, as well as achieving
a lighter frame.
•This method of fixing is our preferred method, as it is highly effective in opposing
these bending moments that can be detrimental to the system if not dealt with
accordingly.
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
PORTAL FRAMES – CONNECTIONS
Footing prepared with plate connection, allowing
for materials to consolidate into1 rigid connection.
Structural steel member attached to set pad
connection.
Note: above information sourced from ‘Portal Frame.ppt’ located in the resources folder
of SRT 251, found on DSO. (http://www.deakin.edu.au/dso/)
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
PORTAL FRAMES – ADVANTAGES
Advantages:
•Economical.
•Allows for greater spanning of members
without the use of columns (15 – 45m)
•Custom frames may also be designed to
cater for a variety of aesthetic or equipment
requirements.
•Steel framework comes prefabricated and
delivered to site by truck
•It is designed at the manufacturers to be
quickly and easily assembled by bolting
members together.
Disadvantages:
•If welding is required to join to steel portal
frame members together, construction
becomes slow, dangerous and costly.
•Cranes and cherry pickers are required to
lift the prefabricated steel members into
position. If the site is severely sloped or
there are lots of power lines, this can
become difficult.
•Some streets have restrictions against large
trucks which also causes problems as the
members need to be delivered to site by
truck.
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS RESEARCH
•PRECAST AND TILT-UP
CONCRETE
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE
Tilt-up and precast concrete panels are a quick, cheap and easy form of
construction, which means the main structure of the warehouse can be erected
quickly and therefore be occupied sooner. Below is a comparison between the two:
TILT-UP
PRECAST
•Site leveled and the concrete floor slab is poured.
The strip footings the panels are going to be
connected to are also cast into the foundations. If
there is going to be a frame and the panels are going
to be connected to it and are therefore not load
bearing, then only pad footings are required.
•Reinforced concrete
wall panels are cast on
site, on the floor slab.
•Door and window
positions are blocked
out and inserts are
cast in to allow them to
be lifted into place by
cranes.
http://www.tierraconcretehomes.com/Precast.htm
•Site leveled and strip footings are cast into the
foundations. If there is going to be a frame and the
panels are going to be connected to it and are
therefore not load bearing, then only pad footings are
required.
•Reinforced concrete wall panels are cast at the
manufacturers and then delivered to site by truck.
•When the panels are fabricated at the
manufacturers, the positions of doors and windows
are blocked out, and inserts are cast into them to
allow them to be lifted by cranes into place.
•The panels are propped up on temporary supports to
aid them in resisting wind and construction loads
during construction. They are removed once the roof
is erected.
•Bond Breakers are used to separate the panels from
the floor slab. They are a chemical coating which
prevents a bond forming between the panel and the
casting surface.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE
TILT-UP
PRECAST
•Cranes are then used to lift the panels into their
upright positions.
•Like precast panels, they are propped up on
temporary supports to aid them in resisting wind and
construction loads during construction. They are
removed once the roof is erected.
•The joints between the panels need to be filled with a
sealant. The sealant helps to prevent noise escaping,
which is an important factor in our warehouse design
as we don’t want any noise traveling into our offices
or showroom. A flexible sealant also allows for any
slight movement that may occur.
•Once the panels are raised, the concrete slab
closure can be poured.
•The joints between the panels need to be filled with a
sealant. The sealant helps to prevent noise escaping,
which is an important factor in our warehouse design
as we don’t want any noise traveling into our offices
or showroom. A flexible sealant also allows for any
slight movement that may occur.
•The slab is often poured once the roof is up as this
allows for weather protection while it is setting. It also
means most of the construction is done and therefore
reduces the chance of damage to the floor.
•The following slide shows four of the main stages of tilt-up
concrete construction:
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE
1.
2.
Panel position
Panel lifted by crane
Panel position
slab
Panel cast on floor
foundations
slab
Strip footings
foundations
Strip footings
3.
panel
4.
supports
panel
Concrete slab closure poured
slab
foundations
slab
Strip footings
(Diagrams by Erin)
foundations
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE
Precast
Tilt-up
Advantages:
Advantages:
•No transport costs
•Solves the difficulty of transporting wall panels of
impractical size, shape or thickness to site.
•Cheaper
•Reduces site labor costs as the warehouse can
be erected quicker, as the panels arrive already
made to the site by truck.
•They allow for more efficient construction as
whilst the panels are being made at the
manufacturers, other work can take place on site.
•There is greater accuracy when the panels are
fabricated at the manufacturers, and special
finishes can be added.
Disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
•The floor slab needs to be cast before the panels
can be. This can then result in imperfections in
the floor of the warehouse.
•Construction is held up whilst panels are being
cast as other building work can’t take place while
panels are being cast on site.
•There needs to be room at the site for cranes to
lift the panels into place. Power lines can often
cause problems with this. Sloping sites can also
cause problems.
•Costly transport is required to get the panels to
the site. This can also raise issues as some
streets have restrictions against large trucks.
•There needs to be room at the site for cranes to
lift the panels into place. Power lines can often
cause problems with this. Sloping sites can also
cause problems.
•Panels can be damaged during travel.
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS RESEARCH
• SUPAZED
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUPAZED
•SUPAZED
Supazed is a structural steel product also manufactured by Lysaght.
It is a cold rolled steel sheet that forms a long, strong, light weight purlin.
Pictures from the Lysaght web-site:
http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au/index.cfm/objectID.C7ED3726-32D4-11D5-98CE00508BA5461F
We selected Supazed for horizontal wall members and roof purlins.
The Purlins are spaced at 2000mm on the warehouse and office
rooves. The horizontal members on the walls of the warehouse and
parapet façade of the office building are spaced at 700mm.
ENVELOPE SYSTEMS
RESEARCH
•SPANDEK
ENVELOPE SYSTEMS
SPANDEK
•SPANDEK
Spandek is a one of the engineered steel sheet cladding products manufactured by
Bluescope Steel, other wise known as Lysaght. The deep perforations in the Spandek
sheets increase their spanning capacity. The long spanning properties of Spandek make it
well suited to our portal frames as members of a portal frame are quite widely spaced.
Spandek sheets are custom made so the length tailored to the application within reason.
Spandek sheets have a set width of 700mm.
Pictures from the Lysaght web-page:
http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au/index.cfm/objectID.B0CBE18F-FF78-11D3-89EC00C04FCF6B8F
The Spandek was also very suitable because the sheet may be joined at the point
where it is fastened to the structure. This allowed the placement of horizontal
members as wide apart as 700mmand at lengths of up to 3000mm.
Pictures from the Lysaght web-page:
http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au/index.cfm/objectID.999D1FCF-14EA-11D4-89F600C04FCF6B8F
RETAINING WALL
RESEARCH
RETAINING WALL
A retaining wall will be necessary behind the warehouse. The site will be cut and levelled, and a retaining wall,
approximately 3m high, will be needed to hold back the soil.
Retaining walls:
Requirements of retaining walls:
• Retain the soil
• Durability against exposed environment
• Protect against possible erosion
• Structural stability
• Provision of drainage
Concrete retaining walls are a durable solution. Concrete can withstand the constant wetting and drying of
the soil, and will not rot or be affected by termites. There are two types of concrete retaining walls, piled
retaining walls and gravity retaining walls.
GRAVITY RETAINING WALL
PILED RETAINING WALL
Gravity retaining walls use
their own weight to resist the
lateral loads from the soil.
Piled retaining walls use the
depth and strength of posts,
which are embedded
vertically in the ground, to
resist lateral soil loads
SOURCE: Retaining Walls document from www.concrete.net.au
RETAINING WALL
For the retaining wall behind the warehouse, a type of gravity retaining wall, the reinforced masonary wall,
will be used. This is a very effective retaining wall for wall heights up to 3.4m. Hollow, core-filled,
reinforced concrete blocks are placed on reinforced concrete footings. This creates a cantilevered wall.
Gravel and agricultural pipes are used behind the wall to aid drainage.
Reinforced and
grouted blockwork
cores
Gravel drainage with
agricultural pipes
Footings
SOURCE: Retaining Walls document from www.concrete.net.au
FIRE PROTECTION
RESEARCH
FIRE RESISTANCE RESEARCH
•Fire protection products are available that can provide external fire resistance
for approximately 60, 90 or 120 minutes.
•The criteria for compliance of fire walls as per the Building Code of Australia, 2004
edition, states:
All materials used within the wall must comply with fire rating indexes.
There must be no cracking, penetration or permanent surface deformation to a
depth of more than 0.5mm, or any other non – elastic deformation or fastener
failure.
Under static pressure:
The deflection must not be more than 1/240th of the height between supports
The impact under instantaneous deflection must not be more than 1/120th the
height of the wall between supports
Sarking must have a flammability index of 5.
The surface of the wall must be covered on all faces by concrete or masonry not
less than 50mm thick.
•If the wall is able to comply with all of these selected points of
information, it is deemed to satisfy a fire protection rating.
FIRE RESISTANCE RESEARCH
•FIRE PROOF SECURITY DOOR
The west side of the building requires a fire proof door on the emergency exit the brand we
felt offered the best solution for this member was Austral Monsoon a Sydney based
American company. Their fire door is concrete in a steel shell. The shell is comprised of
two steel sheets that overlap at the sides. The door is recessed in the frame to prevent
flames from passing in between the door and frame. Austral Monsoon claims their product
can contain fire for up to four hours.
A replication of a detail found on the Austral monsoon web site:
www.austalmonsoon.com
ROLLER DOOR
RESEARCH
ROLLER DOOR RESEARCH
•TRUCK-FRIENDLY ROLLER DOORS
We also chose Austral Monsoon as suppliers for the two roller doors on the front of the
warehouse. Their website contained lots of useful information including the various door
heights and widths as well as the according dimensions of the barrel and mechanism. I
have copied the relevant part of a table posted on the Austral Monsoon website (previously
sited) that describes the diagram below.
OPENING HEIGHT
SIDE ROOM
HEAD ROOM
4000
225
500
4500
225
515
The door opening width is 5200mm the spacing of the columns either side of the roller
door are spaced at 5400mm to allow for the door’s axel and mechanism.
CONSTRUCTION
PROCESSES FOR
INDUSTRIAL AND
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
•STEEL PORTAL FRAME
CONSTRUCTION
•All photos in the following section were taken by Erin
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
•Before the construction of the warehouse can begin, the site
needs to be leveled and any retaining walls that are required
need to be made. The site then needs to be marked out with
the position of the warehouse and the footings or slab. In this
instance, footings were used, and the slab was poured later
once the roof was up to allow for weather protection while the
slab was setting.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
•The steelwork
frame members
are delivered to
the site by
truck, and
stored on the
ground until
they are
needed for
construction.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
•The steelwork frame
members are then
raised into place by
cranes and cherry
pickers.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
•The vertical steelwork is
bolted and cemented to
footings in the
foundations.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
•Once the steelwork frame members have been raised and positioned in place, steel
members are quickly and easily connected to one another by bolts. When the steel
framework is made in factories, they are designed to be able to be erected easily as
this reduces labor costs. Welding is avoided in on site construction as it is slow,
costly and dangerous.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
•Cross bracing is used on the walls and
roof to provide lateral support and resist
wind loads.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
•Steel purlins are fastened perpendicular
to the rafters, and then mesh is placed
over that before sarking and insulation is
laid down. Roofing material is then
fastened over the top. This warehouse
used a combination of spandek and
fibreglass for the skylight strips.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
•An alternative roofing
structure to the rafters in the
previous slide is a steel truss.
(This photo was taken of a
different warehouse to the one
in the previous slides to show
a different roof structure.)
Trusses can range from very
small ones to ones that are
even 1.5m deep. The
advantage of a deep truss is it
allows for an enormous span,
where as if a smaller one or a
portal frame was to span the
same distance, they would
need stanchions to support
them.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
•Precast concrete
panelss for the walls are
delivered to site by truck
and bolted to the steel
framework. When the
walls are cast at the
manufacturers, window
and door blockouts are
imbedded, as well as
inserts that are used to lift
the walls with the cranes.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
•Once the walls and roof are up, the slab is set out and then any
services that are required are installed. The reinforcement mesh is
laid down and then the slab is poured.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
•Where the slab is poured at the beginning of construction, the slab is set out,
services installed, reinforcement mesh is laid down and the slab is poured along
with the footings that the steel portal frame is bolted to.
CONSTRUCTION
PROCESSES FOR
INDUSTRIAL AND
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
•PRECAST CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
All photos and diagrams in the following section were taken by Erin
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
•Like the steel portal frame construction, the site needs to be leveled and set
out before construction begins. The strip footings then need to be poured. As
the precast concrete panels are load bearing, strip footing are required to
transfer the loads to the foundations. The precast concrete slabs are
delivered to site by truck after being made at the manufacturers.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
•The pre-cast reinforced concrete
walls are erected quickly and
easily. (The amount of
construction shown in the photos
was completed in one week.)
Whilst under construction, the
concrete slab walls are propped up
by supports. When planning the
layout of the building, the spacing
and positioning of the supports
also needs to be considered.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
panel
•Cross-section showing precast concrete panel with support
support
Support footing
foundation
Strip footing
•The supports assist the panels in withstanding wind and construction loads during
construction. They are removed once the roof is erected as that then supports them.
(The previous slide shows the stage of construction the warehouse got to. There is a
detailed outline of precast concrete construction under structural systems research.)
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
CONCLUSION
From researching construction processes through visits to job sites, it can be
concluded that the main factors influencing the decision of which structural
and envelope systems are going to be used are:
•Location of site
•Slope of site
•Size of the building
•Aesthetic requirements
•Whether or not a column free space is required
•Costs
CASE STUDIES
All unreferenced photos and diagrams were taken by Belinda
CASE STUDIES
• Steel Portal Frame Construction
Mitre 10, North Geelong
• Tilt-up Concrete
Warehouse and Showroom
Arndell Park, NSW
• 1st Floor Concrete Slabs
Mitre 10, South Geelong
• 1st Level Timber Floor
Mitre 10, South Geelong
CASE STUDIES
STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION – MITRE 10
Fagg’s Mitre 10, 222 Anakie Rd.
North Geelong
CASE STUDIES
STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION – MITRE 10
CONSTRUCTION OF NEW TIMBER,
HARDWARE AND GARDEN CENTRE
This case study looks at the design
of a new timber, hardware and
garden center for Fagg’s Mitre 10 in
North Geelong. The construction
process has just begun, with
preliminary site work currently being
undertaken. The proposed design is
a steel portal frame, 39m x 46.5m. It
will be a rigid base portal base frame,
based upon a concrete slab with strip
and pad footings. This design is of
particular interest as it is similar size
to the warehouse in this project. The
information used for this study was
obtained from One Steel in Geelong,
who provided the documentation for
this project
CASE STUDIES
STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION – MITRE 10
RIGID BASE STEEL
PORTAL FRAME
A portal frame is a continuous rigid frame
with a restrained joint between the column
and beam. A rigid base portal frame means
that the vertical loads placed upon the
structure induce bending at the apex, knee
and base. The bending moment will be at a
maximum at these points. The staunchion is
connected to the base with 4 bolts.
Advantages of this framing system are:
• economical
• large spaning ability
• ease and speed of erection
• simple construction
4.5m
CASE STUDIES
STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION – MITRE 10
PLAN OF THE STRUCTURE
46.5m
End
Columns
MEMBER
SIZE
SPACING
Load bearing
columns
610 U.B.
101kg
6.2m
End
columns
100 U.B.
15kg
6m
Beams
410 U.B
54kg
6.2m
Purlins
steel
beam
.7m
Load bearing Columns
39m
6m
6.2m
CASE STUDIES
STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION – MITRE 10
FOOTINGS
The base for this design is a concrete
slab with strip footings around the
perimeter, and pad footings under the
loadbearing columns.
SIZE AND DETAILS
SLAB
150mm concrete slab with .2mm
polythene moisture barrier. 50mm
deep sand levelling bed.
PAD
FOOTINGS
STRIP
FOOTINGS
1200 x 1200 x 600 mm deep. Located
under all 610 U.B. To be founded
675mm (min) below ground level,
50mm (min) into natural undisturbed
weathered basalt.
300 x 600 mm deep. Located around
perimeter with 450 x 450 thickening
under all 100 U.B. To be founded
675mm (min) below ground level,
50mm (min) into natural undisturbed
weathered basalt.
CASE STUDIES
WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOMS
TILT-UP CONCRETE PANELS
Location – Arndell Park, NSW
Architect – Allen Jack and Cottier Architects
Structural Engineer – Woolacots
Builder – St Hilliers Pty Ltd
Source – www.concrete.net.au
CASE STUDIES
WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOMS
TILT – UP CONCRETE USED FOR
WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOM AT
ARNDELL PARK, NSW
Project Specifications
Warehouse size – 2000m²
Showroom/Office size – 350m²
Faming System – Steel portal frame
Envelope System – Tilt-up concrete panels
Concrete panel size for warehouse- 7.5m x 7.5m
Method of Construction
Tilt-up concrete panels were constructed following the erection of
the steel portal frame. The panels were cast face down, adjacent
to the portal frame. Ferrules at the bottom of the panels were
fitted with dowel, and then connected to the strip footings. The
upper level panels were connected to cleats plate welded onto the
steel structure.
Source – www.concrete.net.au
CASE STUDIES
1st FLOOR CONCRETE SLABS – MITRE 10
1st Floor Concrete Slabs
Mitre 10, South Geelong
CASE STUDIES
1st FLOOR CONCRETE SLABS – MITRE 10
The hardware section of Mitre 10, South Geelong, is a two
Bondek
Beam
story structure. The first floor has a concrete slab,
supported by a concrete column and beam system. Bondek
sheeting has been used as a base for the first floor concrete
slab. The beams have been bolted the columns, and the
Bondek is placed directly above. Concrete has been poured
directly onto to Bondek, the Bondek acting as reinforcement.
The columns are 3m high, and together form a grid spanning
Column
5.35m x 4m. The concrete columns are large, 300mm x
300mm. This is necessary to support the heavy concrete
loads above. A preferred alternative to the concrete
columns for the office/showrooms in this project would be
steel columns. This would enhance the spanning
capabilities.
Size
Spacing
Columns
300 x 300 x
3000mm
5350mm
Beams
250 x
460mm
4000mm
Span
5320mm
CASE STUDIES
1st LEVEL TIMBER FLOORS – MITRE 10
1st Level Timber Floors
Mitre 10, South Geelong
CASE STUDIES
1st LEVEL TIMBER FLOORS – MITRE 10
The timber shed at Mitre 10 in South
Geelong has a first level with a timber floor.
The system supporting the floor combines steel
columns and universal beams with timber floor
joists. The columns, 90 x 90mm, are bolted to
Joists
the universal beam. A timber member is bolted
either side of the bottom of the universal beam,
and run the length of the beams. Above this
Universal
Beam
member rests the timber floor joists. The joists
Column
are slotted in between the timer member and
the top of the universal beam. The joists have
blocking for extra support against bending.
The framing system for this type of floor is
much lighter weight than the concrete
Size
Column
Span
90 x 90 x
3000mm
UB
Joists
Spacing
350 x 50mm
alternative. However, concrete has higher
spanning capabilities when combined with a
steel structural system. This makes the
3700mm
6500mm
400mm
3695mm
concrete alternative a better choice for the
showroom and offices in this project, as a
relatively column free ground floor is preferred.
SCHEMATIC
PLANS
SCHEMATIC PLANS
WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOM/OFFICES
SCHEMATIC SITE PLAN
SCHEMATIC PLANS
SHOWROOM/OFFICES
30m
6m
Ground Floor
20m
40m
First Floor
SCHEMATIC PLANS
WAREHOUSE
2400
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
2400
2400
3000
3000
3000
2700
2700
3000
3000
2700
2700
3000
Roller door
3000
3000
Fire escape
2400
Fire proof
safety door
SCHEMATIC PLANS
WAREHOUSE
DECIDING THE SPACINGS
•We calculated the spacing for our portal frame according to the potential span of the
Spandek, the position of other building elements and the spanning capabilities of the portal
frame. The Spandek was to be fitted onto the walls of the factory with the perforation running
horizontally in relation to the ground. It will be fixed to the portal frame by Supazed at 700
spacing internally and 500 spacing where the Spandek abuts with the roof and concrete
cladding on the lower half of the wall.
•The Portal frame to which the Supazed columns are attached are space at intervals of
3000mm for the internal spans and 2400mm for the end spans.
•At the front and back of the building lighter stanchions are erected at 3000mm internal
spacing and part from the end span and roller door span which are spaced at 2700 and
2100mms.
SCHEMATIC PLANS
WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOM/OFFICES
WAREHOUSE
SHOWROOM/OFFICES
FOOTINGS
Strip footings and concrete slab
Strip footings and concrete slab
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Steel Portal Frame
Pre-cast concrete panels
ENVELOPE SYSTEM
Pre-cast concrete panels
Pre-cast concrete panels
FLOORING
Concrete slab
Ground floor – concrete slab
First floor – concrete slab on
bondek
ROOFING
Spandek
Spandek
CONCLUSION
After researching various solutions for the warehouse design we discovered that there are many
very plausible design schemes. We employed a basic set of criteria to assist our choice of building
products, structural layout and schematics. We broke the criteria for our optimum design solution
into the following dot points; constructability, availability, aesthetic and cost. We found that once
we chose the portal frame, (in the case of the ware house) and the load bearing concrete walls (of
the office) the most effective way to choose the remaining products was on a basis of their
compatibility with the portal frame/Load bearing concrete walls. Although the steel portal frame is
not a standard (off the shelf) product there are many products have been designed specifically to
operate with portal frames, like Supazed. Our finally design product is one we believe for fills all of
our criteria and provides the aesthetic character we are aiming for.