Transcript Document
Unit I: 8000 BCE to 600 CE An 8600-year journey beginning with the transition from hunting and gathering to farming … all the way through the collapse of classical civilizations Before History What is the technical term for the “old stone age?” Before History Paleolithic Society Before History The exaggerated sexual features of venus figurines suggests that paleolithic peoples fashioned them out of an interest in what? Before History Fertility Before History When people started to shift away from hunting and gathering and began farming and domesticating animals, this was called what? Before History Neolithic transition Before History Name three craft industries that were common to the earliest civilizations. Before History Pottery 2. Metalworking 3. Textile production 1. Before History When people began farming and domesticating animals, and a food surplus developed, and a rise in the population occurred, what entities came into existence that became the centers for trade and the exchange of ideas? Before History Cities Mesopotamia Mesopotamia means “the land between the rivers.” What are the names of the rivers? Mesopotamia The Tigris and Euphrates Mesopotamia Sumer was a region within Mesopotamia, and Mesopotamia was a part of what larger region that spanned southwest Asia and the southeast coast of the Mediterranean Sea? Mesopotamia The Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia Who was Hammurabi, and what notable thing did he do? Mesopotamia A Babylonian king who established one of the first systematic codes of law put down in writing. (“An eye for an eye …”) Mesopotamia What was metallurgy, and why was it an important technological innovation? Mesopotamia Metalworking, and it enabled people to fashion sharper, more effective tools and weapons. Mesopotamia Name three of the most important foundational inventions usually attributed to the Sumerians. Mesopotamia The wheel, sail and plow Mesopotamia What is the term for the social arrangement that describes the inequality between males and females that emerged during the neolithic transition? Mesopotamia Patriarchy Mesopotamia What is the name of the Sumerian system of writing? Mesopotamia Cuneiform Mesopotamia Who were the first people to establish a monotheistic belief system? Mesopotamia The Hebrews Mesopotamia What’s the most important innovation – and the reason we still remember them to this day – of the Phoenicians? Mesopotamia Alphabetic writing Mesopotamia Why were horses so important in Mesopotamia and other early civilizations? Mesopotamia They provided a huge advantage over cattle, donkeys and human power when it came to transportation and war-making capabilities. Africa The earliest civilization in Africa emerged along what major river valley? Africa The Nile Africa What were the “god kings” of ancient Egypt called? Africa Pharaohs Africa What was the name for the pictographic writing system the Egyptians developed? Africa Hieroglyphics Africa Did the ancient Egyptians have a more benign or more pessimistic view of the afterlife than did the Sumerians? Why? Africa More benign … because, scholars believe, their relationship with the environment was less severe (i.e., more predictable flooding, less threat from outside invasion, etc.) Africa What is the name for the people of subSaharan Africa who spoke a related family of languages and migrated for millennia down through the continent of Africa, spreading their cultural influence? Africa The Bantu South Asia Harappan society developed on the Indian subcontinent, in modern-day Pakistan, along what major river valley? South Asia The Indus South Asia What unique feature – at least for the ancient world – did Harappan households have? South Asia Private bathrooms with showers and toilets, which drained into a city sewage system South Asia Why do scholars still have a lot of questions about the mysterious Harappan culture? South Asia Its writing hasn’t yet been deciphered. South Asia Which band of Indo-Europeans migrated down into India through the passes of the Hindu-Kush mountains by 1500 BCE? South Asia Aryans South Asia The Aryans brought with them – orally, at first, in their Sanskrit language – the Vedas. The Vedas were a. really poorly built Italian cars. b. their obnoxious cousins. c. collections of religious and literary works. South Asia c. collections of religious and literary works. (how’d you guess?) South Asia The Aryan social structure rested on sharp hereditary distinctions between individuals and groups, according to their occupations and roles in society. In India this developed into what? South Asia The caste system East Asia Which of the following is in East Asia? a. Lutz b. India c. China East Asia c. China (Yes!) East Asia What are the two major river valleys along which civilization developed in China? East Asia The Yellow River (to the north) and the Yangzi River (to the south), both of which run generally east and west. East Asia Name the dynasty that ruled most of northern and central China and lasted about 900 years, from about 1122 BCE to 256 BCE. East Asia The Zhou dynasty East Asia The chaotic closing centuries of the Zhou dynasty was known as what? East Asia The Period of the Warring States East Asia Name the three major belief systems that emerged in China during the Period of the Warring States – ideas that anchor what’s known as China’s Axial Age. East Asia Confucianism, Daoism and Legalism East Asia What’s the name for the idea that a Zhou ruler was the son of heaven, an especially deserving individual granted the right to govern by divine powers? East Asia The Mandate of Heaven East Asia The centrality of the family in Chinese culture can be traced to the Neolithic tradition called what? East Asia Veneration of ancestors East Asia Containing the earliest recovered Chinese writing, things like shoulder blades and turtle shells were written on and then used by fortune-tellers to divine the answer to important questions for Chinese rulers. What were these things called? East Asia Oracle bones Mesoamerica What’s the geographic extent of Mesoamerica? Mesoamerica central Mexico south to Honduras and El Salvador Mesoamerica Who were the ancient people whose name literally means “rubber people” (after the rubber trees that are prominent in the region) and can be viewed as the “mother” civilization of Mesoamerica. Mesoamerica The Olmecs Mesoamerica Why did the Olmecs construct colossal human head sculptures as big as 10 feet tall and weighing as much as 20 tons? Mesoamerica Probably to pay homage to their rulers at ceremonial centers South America The Chavin cult arose in what part of South America around 900 BCE? South America The Andes South America Why are the Chavin called a cult? South America There’s no evidence their religious and cultural beliefs led to the establishment of an organized state. ? Name the part of the world that contains numerous islands in the western Pacific Ocean and includes Samoa, Fiji and Tahiti. ? Oceania Persia What was a satrap? Persia A regional governor, used by Persian rulers to administer the taxation districts of the empire Persia What’s the name for the road system established by the Persians to link their empire and improve communication? Persia The Royal Road Persia Who – besides the Persians – fought in the Persian Wars? Persia The Greeks Persia Name the Persian religion that was founded by Zarathustra and later had a profound impact on Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Persia Zoroastrianism China Name the first Chinese emperor. China Qin Shihuangdi China The Chinese were highly concerned about the Xiongnu. Who or what was or were the Xiongnu? China Nomadic people from the steppes of central Asia China How did the Han address the problem of needing thousands of educated, competent bureaucrats to run the large, centralized Chinese government? China Han Wudi established an imperial university to educate young men in a curriculum of Confucianism to prepare them for government service. India Name the two classical age dynasties that proved the exception to the longstanding rule of a largely decentralized India. India The Mauryan and Gupta dynasties India Why did Ashoka erect Rock and Pillar Edicts? India To promote Buddhism India What religion holds that everything in the universe – humans, animals, plants, the air, bodies of water … even inanimate physical objects like rocks – possessed a soul? India Jainism India Siddhartha Gautama and his Buddhist followers rejected the many Hindu gods and what else about Indian tradition? India The caste system India What demands right belief, right resolve, right speech, right behavior, right occupation, right effort, right contemplation and right meditation, AND what are these demands meant to accomplish? India Buddha’s Noble Eightfold Path, and it’s meant to eliminate desire – the cause of suffering India According to Hindu moral precepts, a proper balance of dharma, artha and kama would help an individual to attain what state? India Moksha Greece What society – based on the island of Crete, where bull-leaping was popular – was an early influence on Greece? Greece Minoan Greece What’s the term for the basic political institution that developed in Greece – the city-state – which reveals why Greece did not evolve a centralized state or empire? Greece The polis Greece Which had the superior navy – Athens or Sparta? Greece Athens Greece Explain the basic relationship among Plato, Aristotle, Socrates and Alexander. Greece Socrates taught Plato, who taught Aristotle, who taught Alexander Greece What do we call the rich cultural blend of Greek, Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences that emerged in the wake of Alexander’s conquests? Greece Hellenism Rome What labor system was prevalent in Rome, just as it was in Greece, which undermines to an extent both civilizations’ cultural legacy? Rome Slavery Rome What’s the difference between the Roman republic and the Roman empire? Rome The Roman republic was the era in which representative democracy was practiced, and it ended in the 1st century BCE when Julius Caesar became the first dictator of the later imperial empire. Rome For most of the first two centuries CE, Rome experienced a period of peace and prosperity known as what? Rome The Pax Romana Rome At the height of its empire, Rome itself had as many as 1 million residents. About how many people lived within the empire as a whole? (Hint: The number’s approximately the same as the Han population at the same time.) Rome About 50-60 million people Rome What did Roman engineers invent during the republican era that greatly aided Rome’s impressive and numerous construction projects? Rome Concrete Other important stuff Name two important trade routes or networks in the Foundations era. Other important stuff The Silk Road and the Indian Ocean Maritime System Other important stuff Why did the Roman and Han empires decline and fall? Other important stuff Review my PowerPoint for all the details.