Transcript Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles

Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles
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March 7, 1936 re-occupies the Rhineland
Important turning point for Hitler
Allies don’t respond – Appeasement
USA Neutrality Acts
– No sale of arms to nations at war
– No Americans can travel to warring nations
– No loans to nations at war
Warm Up 5/22
1. Why did many Japanese feel dissatisfied with
the multi-party democratic system?
2. How did Tojo used nationalism to rise to
power in the late 1920s early 1930s in Japan?
3. Why did Japan seize Manchuria in 1931-32?
4. Why was March 7, 1936 another “turning
point” for Hitler?
Hitler continued to expand
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2nd target Austria (march 1938)
next target Czechoslovakia (Sudentenland)
Demands people are given self rule
Neville Chamberlain (G.B.) convinces Czech.
Govt to give in – Appeasement
• Hitler takes all of Czech.
• Munich Agreement – Sept. 28, 1938
– Hitler promises not more territorial gains
– “Peace in our time”
– Appeasement
Hitler prepares of War
• By Fall ‘39 Hitler demands Polish Corridor
(Danzig)
• Britain and France pledge to defend it
• Aug. ‘39 Germany & USSR sign 10 year nonaggression pact (Nazi/Soviet) – shocks world
• Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland
• By end of Sept. Germany takes Poland w/
Blitzkrieg
• divides it with USSR – France and Britain
mobilize for war
• Stalin takes Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania, &
Finland
• Germany overwhelms Scandinavia on April 9,
1940 attacking Denmark and Norway
(airbases)
• USA “Cash and Carry” legislation
Germany blitzes west
• 1940 Chamberlain forced to resign because of
appeasement – Winston Churchill takes over
• France prepares for war (Maginot Line) –
thought war would be like WWI, not prepared
for blitzkrieg and tanks
• May 10, 1940 Hitler attacks France through
Belgium, Lux., and Neth.
• Allies pushed back to N. France & English
channel (Evacuation of Dunkirk May 28 to
June 4)
The Fall of France
• June 10, 1940 Italy declares war and attacks
France from south.
• Germany closes from north – France is
doomed!
• June 22, 1940 France surrenders
• Germany occupies northern 2/3 of France
• Marshall Henri Petain occupies southern 1/3
(Vichy France)
• Underground resistance led by Charles de
Gaulle
Germany Attacks Great Britain
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Summer 1940 Operation Sea Lion
Battle of Britain starts in July 1940 last 6 months
Air battle RAF vs. Luftwaffe
1,200 Germany fighter & 1,300 bombers vs. 700
British fighters
• Britain’s 2 secret weapons – RADAR & ULTRA
• Britain bombs back in late Aug. – Hitler hits major
cities & civilians 300-600 people die per
day/1,000-3,000 injured
• By the end of 1940 Hitler reluctantly gives up
• America increases aid to Allies
• Lend-Lease Act march 1941
• US gives Britain 50 destroyers to fight “wolf
packs”
• Congress approves Selective Service Act = lifts
spirits of British
• US begins undeclared naval battle with
Germany when Kearney & Rueben James are
sunk Oct. 1941, 100 Americans die
• Battle of the Atlantic
Hitler invades the USSR
• Operation Barbarrosa
• April 1941 all of SE Europe forced to join
Germany
• June 22, 1941 Germany invades USSR =
surprises Red Army
• Goals: take Leningrad in North, Moscow in
middle, Stalingrad in South
• Germany gets to goals but cannot take them =
winter sets in, & Russians refuse to surrender
Japan conquers an Asian Empire
• War with China continues since ’37
• Japan joins the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Sept
’40 (US begins to brake diplomatic relations)
• US begins to cut down exports of gas, scrap
metal, & steel
• To replace these materials Japan wants S.E.
Asian lands rich in oil, iron, tin, rubber (threat
to US interests)
• Vital supplies needed to fight war with China
• July 1941, Japan overruns French Indochina –
US orders a total embargo
• Japan refuses to end war with China
• US brakes Japanese Code (MAGIC) – attack
imminent, but where?
• Late Nov. ‘41 Japanese fleet sets sail
Pearl Harbor
• Sunday Dec. 7, 1941 “A date which will live in
infamy” – FDR
• Japan attacks Pearl Harbor on the Island of
Oahu in Hawaii
• 2 hours 18 American ships sunk (8 battleships)
• 2,403 die, 1000’s wounded
• Next day (Dec. 8) US declares war = Axis
declares war on US (Dec. 11) & Allies form;
UK, USSR, USA
Japanese pilots take final
preparations
Admiral Nagumo
Mitsuo Fuchida
Admiral Yamamoto
Burning ships in Pearl Harbor Dry
Docks
Wheeler Air Field
USS West Virginia
USS Arizona
USS Shaw
Map of Battleship Row
USS Arizona Memorial
Allies turn the tide of war
• Japan then overruns the Pacific by Dec. ‘42
winning war in Pacific
• May ‘42 Battle of Coral Sea (Australia is saved)
• June 3, ‘42 Battle of Midway – Turning point in
pacific – Admiral Nimitz
• Allies go on offensive “island hoping” starts at
Guadalcanal in Solomon Isl. Aug. 7
• Gen. Douglas MacArthur
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
Allies launched a drive to victory
• Battle of the Atlantic being won by Allies
• North Africa dominated by Germans led by
Gen. Erwin Rommel “Desert Fox”
• Allies push back at Suez Canal and El Alamein
led by British Gen. Bernard Montgomery
• Turning point in Northern Africa
Gen. Erwin Rommel
Gen. Bernard Montgomery
Operation Torch
• American’s led by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
pushed from west and trapped the Axis at
Tunisia
• Next move to attack Axis through Italy
• The “soft underbelly” of the Axis powers
Dwight Eisenhower
Invasion of Italy
Soviet Forces take the offensive
• Most violent fighting of WWII on eastern front
outside Moscow and Leningrad
• Battle of Stalingrad Aug. 1942 – turning point
on eastern front
• By winter German have control of Stalin’s prize
city
• Soviet Gen. Georgi Zhukov leads counter
attack surrounds city and cuts supply lines
• German’s surrender on Jan. 31, 1943 against
Hitler’s wishes
• Put’s Germany on defensive = beaten back to
Poland
• Fall of Third Reich coming
Fascist Rule crumbles in Italy
• July 9, 1943 Allies invade Italy at beaches of
Sicily led by American Gen. George Patton &
British Gen. Montgomery
• Stuns people and they turn on Mussolini
• Forced from power July 25, 1943, arrested
Gen. George Patton
• Pietro Badoglio takes power and turns on
Hitler! Surrenders Sept 3, 1943
• Germans would occupy Northern Italy and
defend it for two years
• Rome falls June 3, 1944 – Germany starts to
collapse!
The Allies Invade France
• Operation Overlord
• Allied force of 2 million assemble in England
for invasion with another million ready for sea
and air support
• Germany knew invasion was coming – Allies
go to great lengths to fool Germans as to
location (Port of Calais)
• Fooled Hitler’s generals – not Hitler – he
thought Normandy
• Hitler gives in and fortifies Calais
• D-Day Invasion June 6, 1944 (history’s largest
amphibious assault)
• Shortly after midnight 23,000 airborne troops (2 Am.,
1 Brit.) parachute/glide into France and began the
attack
• 6:30 AM over 4,000 ships hit the beaches of
Normandy (Americans @ Omaha and Utah, British &
Canadian at Sword, June, and Gold)
• After 5 days Allies hold a strip of France 80 miles long
• Less than 3 weeks later 1 million men on shore and
pushing inland (St. Lo and Caen)
The German Reich Collapsed
• July 20th, 1944 Operation Valkyre fails
• Aug. 24th, 1944 Allies liberate Paris, France
(Patton leading the way)
Gen. Klaus von Stauffenberg
Liberation of France
Battle of the Bulge
• Dec. 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge begins in the
Ardennes Region of Belgium and Lux.
• Last ditch German offensive had early success
but unable to take key city of Bastogne
• Allies hold and defeat Germans by Jan. ’45
• Largest battle ever fought by US Army;
600,000 GIs, 80,000 killed/wounded.
Germans lost 100,000.
• Hitler now fighting and losing the war on 3
fronts but refuses to surrender
• Mussolini is assassinated April 28, 1945
• Hitler commits suicide on April 29, 1945 as
Soviets close in on Berlin
• Admiral Karl Donitz takes over discusses peace
• Soviets take Berlin next day April 30, 1945
• Germany Surrenders May 7, 1945 V-E Day
• FDR dies April 12, 1945, Harry Truman takes
over
VE Day
President Truman
A Final Horror in the Pacific
• By ‘45 MacArthur and Allies have most of
pacific back. Liberates Philippines.
• Feb. ’45 Iwo Jima (bloodiest battle) & Okinawa
(last battle) open path to Japan
• Japan refuses to surrender goes to kamikaze
tactics
• America begins heavy bombing of Japan
• March 9, 1945 Tokyo
Iwo Jima – Mt. Suribachi
The flag flies at Mt. Suribachi
Fire Bombing of Tokyo
Manhattan Project and the Atomic
Bomb
• Robert J. Oppenheimer
• July 16, 1945 Successful test in NM
• July 26, 1945 Truman warns Japan of “prompt
& utter destruction”
• Aug. 6, 1945 The Enola Gay (B-29 Bomber)
drops “little Boy” on Hiroshima
• 2/3 of city instantly destroyed 80,000 die
• Aug. 9, 1945 “fat man” dropped on Nagasaki
40,000 die
• Japan surrenders on Sept. 2, 1945 after
Emperor overrule of war council
• WWII is over
Toll of War
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Economic costs:
USA = 288 billion
U.K. = 117 billion
France = 111.3 billion
USSR = 93 billion
Germany = 212.3 billion
Japan = 41.3 billion
Death Tolls…
The Homefront
• People pay a heavy price – war fought in
towns/cities
• Mobilizing for war”
• Factories convert to war time production
(WPB)
• Rationing
• War stamps & bonds to help finance war
• Propaganda in all countries
• U.S. Japanese internment camps
Japanese Internment
The Holocaust – Phase One =
Isolate the Jew
• “Aryan” race proclaimed “master race”
• Anti-Semitic propaganda blames Jews for
Germany’s problems
• Boycott of Jewish businesses (1933)
• Nuremburg Laws (1935)
• Kristallnacht (1938)
• Jews flee Germany – flood of Jewish refugees
The Holocaust – Phase Two =
Extermination
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Jewish Ghetto’s (1939)
Wannsee Conference Jan. 20, 1942
Reinhard Heydrich & Hinrich Himmler
Deportations throughout Germany (‘42-’45)
Einsatzgrupen
Death Camp’s – gas chambers – crematorium
Final Solution = Genocide (‘42-’45) 6 million
Jews murdered
Reinhard Heydrich
The Holocaust
• Liberation (‘44-’45) 300,000 Jews freed
• Resistance – Jewish Fighting Organization in
Warsaw (’43)
• Treblinka, Poland uprising (Aug. ‘43) – camp
closed
Post War Issues
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Approx. 50 million dead
50 million homes lost
Europe in ruins (agriculture and industry)
Many die from famine and disease
Political unrest / instability
Nuremberg Trials 1946
• 1st time in history leaders held accountable for
actions during war time.
• Nazi leaders rounded up and convicted of…
• “Crimes against humanity”
• 22 defendants, 12 sentenced to death
• 200 eventually convicted of “war crimes”
• Operation “Last Chance” led by Efraim Zuroff,
Israel director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center
continues today.
Important meetings
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Yalta Conference Feb. ‘45
Big three meet
July ‘45 Potsdamn
Germany divided into 4 zones
Beginning of Cold War
The Big Three