Transcript Document

July 17, 2015
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE:
Analytical Priorities and Techniques
for Planning
Broward MPO
Fort Lauderdale, FL
Learning Outcomes
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Discuss approach and methods
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Review various technical methods
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Review what peers are doing
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Improve decision making process
EJ Executive Order 12898
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Consistent with Title VI of the Civil Rights
Act of 1964.
Adds low-income populations.
Identify and address disproportionately
high and adverse impacts.
Applies to all programs, policies, and
activities.
Technical Methods
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Establish Approach in Work Program.
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Identify Populations of Concern.
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Assess Impact of Plans and Programs.
Establish Approach
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Assess adequacy of current planning activities.
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Define work program tasks.
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Review consistency with Title VI.
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Identify actions to implement improvements.
EJ and Planning Products
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Work Program
Public Participation Plan
Transportation Plan
Transportation Improvement Program
Congestion Management Process
Other planning products?
UPWP Example
BALTIMORE REGION UPWP
FY 2010 UNIFIED PLANNING WORK PROGRAM
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TASK: TRANSPORTATION EQUITY PLANNING
PURPOSE: To incorporate environmental justice and equity principles
into the regional
transportation planning process. Transportation equity is a general
term that considers
the distributional effects or “fairness” of decisions in the area of
transportation planning
and investments.
Baltimore MPO Sample Work Tasks
FY 2010 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
1. Review and integrate equity-related activities into the overall regional
process.
2. Coordinate public participation activities with equity objectives.
3. Focus on constituents with Limited English Proficiency and provide
information
and outreach to this growing population.
4. Monitor the LEP Plan and provide periodic reviews of plan’s
effectiveness.
5. Develop a formal Title VI Plan and submit for public review and
comment
Certification Review Expectations
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Analyze regional data to identify EJ-protected
populations
Analyze RTP, TIP and other products/actions to
ensure compliance
Review proactive public involvement opportunities for
protected populations
Monitor activities of organizations
Evaluate transportation system accessibility
Certification Review Sample Questions
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What goals, policies, approaches, and measurements have the
MPO adopted to address Title VI and related requirements?
Describe the MPO's policy on how Title VI complaints will be
handled.
How does the MPO use census data for income, race, and
ethnicity in the planning process? How is this information used
to examine existing transportation facilities and services?
Has the planning process developed a demographic profile of
the metropolitan planning area that includes identification of the
locations of protected populations?
Has the MPO prepared a benefits/burdens analysis?
Role of Advisory Committees
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Help assess planning activities.
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Cincinnati, Columbus, Washington, D.C., San
Francisco, Minnesota DOT, Baltimore
Help refine analytical methods.
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San Francisco committee examined alternative
accessibility measures to find most meaningful.
Performance Measures
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Identify customer needs.
Measure progress toward specific objectives.
Support strategic plan & goals.
Detect and correct problems.
Manage, describe, and improve processes.
Measures that drive performance.
 Can we move the needle?
What gets measured, gets managed.
Document accomplishments.
Good Measures
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Accepted and meaningful to the customer.
Tells how well goals are being met.
Simple, understandable, logical.
Shows a trend.
Well defined.
Economical data collection.
Timely.
Sensitive to change.
Types of Performance Indicators
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Outcomes are more useful than outputs.
Outcomes indicate how output serves customer need.
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Reduced travel time, improved accessibility.
Output is the product or service provided to
customers.
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Added lane miles or hours of transit service.
Efficiency measures also useful.
OKI Measures
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Travel Time
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Work/Non-Work Trips by Auto/Transit
Daily and Peak/Off-Peak Averages
Average Travel Time to Opportunities
Congested VMT
Jobs/Services Opportunities
20 mins./Auto 40 mins./Transit
www.oki.org
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San Francisco RTP Measures
RTP Goal
Performance Measure
Mobility
Travel time: Aggregate and average.
Between selected O & Ds.
Economic
Vitality
Community
Vitality
Environment
Access of work force to job centers.
Ratio of user benefits to investment.
Equity
Comparison of travel time, accessibility to jobs, transit
travel time to job centers.
Population within ½ mile station.
Use of walking to access transit.
Air quality vehicle emissions (ROG, NOx, CO2, PM10).
Identification and Mapping
Identify Populations of Concern
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Low Income:
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Household income
•
Department of Health and Human Services poverty
guidelines
Minority:
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Black or African American
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Hispanic
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Asian American
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American Indian/Native American or Alaskan Native
Demographic Profile – Boston MPO
20
Thresholds
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Identify areas or population groups for
special outreach and public involvement
efforts.
Identify neighborhoods or groups to compare
the impacts of a project or plan with other
“non-EJ” neighborhoods or groups.
Thresholds
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Low income and minority areas usually
identified separately.
Low income % population with
household income below a certain level.
Minority populations may be combined
into one group, or analyzed separated.
Thresholds
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Geographic or Non-Geographic basis.
Thresholds for defining minority areas
vary widely.
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Exceed 50% minority population.
Exceed regional mean for minority
population.
Low-Income
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DHHS poverty guidelines set income standards
according to household size.
DOTs and MPOs typically set thresholds based on
household incomes below certain amount – such as
$22,000 or $24,000, independent of household size.
Income data available through sources such as CTPP
are typically set at round numbers and do not
directly correspond to DHHS values.
Minorities
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Black or African American
Hispanic
Asian American
American Indian/Native American or
Alaskan Native
Census Data
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Geography
Demographic and Social Characteristics
Poverty
Economic Data
Employment and Payroll
Journey to Work
Migration Patterns
Other Data Sources
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Transportation Data: accidents, facility conditions,
age of equipment.
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Highway agency, Transit operator
ES 202 Employment Data.
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State labor agency
Housing – age and quality.
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Local planning department
Additional Data Sources
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Free and Reduced Price Lunch
Program
Food stamps
Medicaid
State and School District Education
Reports
Future Distributions of Population
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Typically use regional forecasts of total population by
TAZ and assume same demographic breakdown as
existed in most recent data.
No one is forecasting shifts in racial and ethnic
characteristics by analysis geography.
May adjust minority percentages in total population
and then allocate based on current TAZ percentages.
Reasonableness Check
Mapping and Display of Data
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Population groups with overlay of proposed
projects.
Shows where specific population groups are
located so outreach and assessment can be
directed to those areas.
Illustrates the distribution of transportation
projects in relation to different population
groups.
Northwest Indiana
San Francisco
Low Tech Analysis Techniques
Geographic Information Systems
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Integrates geo-referenced data from diverse
sources.
Provides more complete picture.
Allows aggregation and disaggregation of
data to appropriate scale for analysis.
Facilitates mapping and visualization.
Geographic Information Systems
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Graduated Color – Choropleth maps.
Commuter flows (CTPP).
 Band widths.
 Show origin, destination, volume, mode.
Buffer Analysis.
 Impact area of project.
 Number of selected people within given
range.
Long Range Plan Activities
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Update demographic profiles as
appropriate
Consider tracking factors beyond
minority and low-income
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# of Zero-car households
# of individuals over 65 years of age
More LRP Activities - Transit
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Analyze transit routes – base year and future
scenarios
 Consult with transit operators – share data
 Proximity of EJ populations to transit service
 Service improvements near and long term) what
locations will be served; correlation to forecasted
job and service locations
Additional Potential Activities
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Analyze auto and pedestrian crashes – any EJ
relationships??
Timing of various categories of project
implementation in LRP and TIP
Effectiveness of Public Participation
opportunities
Benefits and Burdens Analysis at
a Systems Level
Just the Basics
Measuring Benefits
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Measures of benefit that have been used:
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Accessibility to jobs or other activities
Travel times to selected activity centers
Provision and quality of transportation services
Proximity to projects
Asset conditions
Accessibility
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Ability to reach desired destinations.
Number of jobs within X minutes travel time.
 Most Common Range is 30 to 45 minutes.
Percentage of population within Y minutes of a
hospital, shopping area, park or locally defined place
of significance.
Typically calculated separately for auto and transit.
Uses travel times by O-D pair and mode and
Population and Employment by TAZ.
Travel Times
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Average travel times to regional activity centers.
 San Antonio and Raleigh
Average travel times by trip type.
 Columbus
Travel time savings resulting from the proposed
project.
 Seattle and Southern California
Requires zone to zone travel times and demographic
data by TAZ.
Transportation Services
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Availability and/or quality of services.
 Transit Service.
 % population within X distance of route.
 Distribution of RTP or TIP projects.
 % projects in minority area compared to % of
regional population in minority area.
 Distribution of RTP or TIP project users.
 Travel model select link analysis to infer
characteristics of users of project.
Proximity to Projects
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Characteristics of people living near new or
improved transportation facilities.
Overlay projects in TIP or LRP with
population data. Assume communities
receive benefits in proportion to proximity to
projects or by dollar amount spent.
Maintenance Related Measures
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Attempt to assess maintenance expenditures
by neighborhood.
 Pavement, bridges, sidewalks, landscaping.
Distribution of expenditures by geographic
area.
Establish standards for assets conditions and
compare the conditions among
neighborhoods.
Measures of Impacts (Burdens)
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Negative Impacts.
Most commonly evaluated at the project level.
Potential negative impacts may include:
 Community cohesion/disruption
 Economic (reduced employment)
 Fiscal decline (Tax base or property values)
 Displacement of residents, business, amenities.
 Increased noise, emissions.
 Diminished aesthetics
Possible Comparisons
Disadvantaged
Non-Disadvantaged
Without
Plan
A
B
With Plan
C
D
Measure It - Does It Matter?
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For the measure being compared, is the
difference between the two populations, or
the change from the base to plan scenario:
 Statistically significant?
 Practically significant?
What if multiple measures give conflicting
results?
Noteworthy Practices
PennDOT Guidance
Environmental Justice Plan
Every Voice Counts is designed to provide the necessary guidance Pennsylvania transportation agencies
may need during the transportation plan or program development process. The approach we have
selected is to provide choices, not rules and regulations, to permit maximum flexibility in order to meet
the unique needs of every agency and jurisdiction in our Commonwealth.
Environmental Justice Guidance **in .pdf format**
Environmental Justice Executive Summary **in .pdf format**
Environmental Justice Toolbox **in .pdf format**
Note: The above form is in Adobe PDF format. To read or print this forms, you MUST have PDF
viewing software. This software is FREE! If you do not have the Adobe Acrobat Reader software
necessary to view these forms, please click on the icon below.
Duluth TIP Project Mapping
Duluth TIP Project Mapping
MORPC – Columbus, Ohio
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1,133,000 urbanized area population
Developed process to assess.
 Process
 Public Involvement
 Plan
 TIP
Task Force (convened January 2000).
Demographic Profile.
 Minorities
 Low income
 Minorities in poverty
MORPC Task Force
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Define target populations.
Identify needs of target populations.
Evaluate public involvement process.
Develop appropriate measures for
burdens and benefits.
MORPC - Data
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Searched data for populations of concern for local
level geography.
 2000 Census
Thresholds.
 Averages of regional totals
For future years assumed same % as base.
 Constant Share
 Balanced regional and TAZ totals.
MORPC Measures
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Number of job opportunities close
Number of HBS opportunities
Number of HBO opportunities
% Population close to college
% Population close to hospital
% Population close to major retail
Average travel time (Work, HBS, HBO, HB)
Average travel time to Columbus CBD
Transit accessibility to Columbus CBD
% Congested Travel
MORPC – Analysis
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Accessibility Measures
Public Transit and Automobile
Opportunities within X travel time
 Jobs within 20 minute peak period drive
 Jobs within 40 minute peak period transit trip
Considers travel demand and land use changes
Different measure types
 Population based
 Geographic based
Maps were produced
for travel time to:
• Hospitals
• Shopping
• Colleges
• CBD
Done by:
Auto and Transit
Peak & Off-Peak
Measures of Effectiveness (MOEs)
Population within 40 Minutes (Peak) to
Hospital by Transit
Key Features of MORPC
Process
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Advisory Group helped develop measures.
GIS mapping of populations.
Analytic methods used existing tools.
 Travel demand forecasting model
 Accessibility
 Travel time measures
Documented the process.
Measurement Methodology
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Three scenarios
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Base year
No Build
Plan projects
More MORPC Info:
http://www.morpc.org
Click on Transportation, then Overview
FHWA Resources
Website - Joint FHWA and FTA
www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ej2.htm
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Transportation and Environmental Justice Case
Studies book, December 2000.
NHI Training Course (#14204): Fundamentals
of Environmental Justice.
More Resources
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Updated FHWA Case Studies – 2011
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NCHRP 8-72 Project
NCHRP projects (www.trb.org) :
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8-36 (11) Technical Methods to Support Analysis
of Environmental Issues.
8-41 Effective Methods for Environmental Justice
Assessment.
Summary
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Consult with the EJ communities
Develop an approach for assessing EJ
Learn what is important to measure
Consider performance measures
Utilize available tools/techniques
Tell (and document) the story/analysis
Thanks
Brian Betlyon
FHWA Resource Center
410-962-0086
[email protected]