Transcript PowerPoint Presentation, English

Human Development
Concept And Approach
by
Dr. K Seeta Prabhu
Senior Advisor, UNDP India
PMRDF Training Programme
TISS, Hyderabad
30 April 2012
LEARNING OUTCOMES

Understand reasons for emergence of
approach

Define Human Development

HD, Human Rights and Human Security

HD and Economic Growth

HD and other approaches-HRD, Basic
Needs

Characteristics and Principles of HD

MDGs and HD

Operationalising HD
HD
DEFINING DEVELOPMENT
 How
do we define development?
 Identify
three defining characteristics
Film on Evolution of HD Approach
DEFINING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

"The basic purpose of development is to enlarge
people's choices. In principle, these choices can be
infinite and can change over time. The objective of
development is to create an enabling environment for
people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.“
Mahbub ul Haq

Human achievements – key indicators of progress not merely per capita income which is not a reliable
indicator –

People may value non-income parameters like peace
and security, gender equality, satisfying leisure hours,
sense of participation
FUNCTIONINGS AND CAPABILITIES

Capabilities and functionings form conceptual
foundations of the HD Approach
Functionings - valuable ‘beings and doings’ of people
 Elementary functionings –being healthy and nourished

Complex functionings – ability to contribute to community life,
achieving self respect, ability to ‘appear in publik without shame’

Developmental Goal: to enhance people’s potential ‘to be & to do’

Combination of functionings – capabilities

One more way of looking at these concepts
 Potential ‘beings and doings’ are capabilities
 Actual ‘beings and doings’ are functionings
DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM
Freedom to choose functionings is crucial
 People
as ‘Agents’ – not recipients of welfare
and benefits
 Amartya Sen - Development as Freedom
 Freedom has intrinsic value
 valuable
 Freedom
 as
in itself
has instrumental value
a means to other things
 Freedom
‘from’ is as important as freedom ‘to’
HD AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Both guarantee basic freedoms
Compatible and complementary – both required
to enhance well being

Emphasis in HD



Emphasis in HR


enhancement of choices & capabilities - focus on
duty bearers and public policies –
entitlements of claim holders – emphasis on legal
change, social movements to generate demand
Human Rights initially viewed as political rightsnow includes social, cultural and economic
rights
HD AND HUMAN SECURITY

Human Development Report 1994 defined human security as
‘Freedom from Want and Freedom from Fear’

Human Security concept goes beyond concerns of national security and
threats of conflicts to focus on the individual

Not merely physical security but ability to secure minimum requirements

7 components of human security
 Economic
 Food
 Health
 Environmental
 Personal
 Community
 Political

Acts as a bridge between concepts of human rights and human developmen
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HD
Growth advocates believe:
 Expanding income is an
end in itself
HD advocates believe:
 income a means- end is
enhancing people’s
capabilities
 Growth does trickle down
 Simultaneous expansion
of choices in dimensions
other than economic–
social, cultural,
political,environmental
 No automatic link –trickle
down cannot be relied
upon
HD IS ABOUT…
 People-
“how” and for “whom”
-not just “what” to do
 Emphasis
 Go
from “are we doing things right” to
-“are we doing the right things”
beyond income to ensure growth is not
jobless, voiceless, rootless, ruthless, futureless
-1996 Global HDR
WHAT HD IS NOT….
HD and Human Resource Development




Evolved in 1960s from Schultz’s concept of human capital
Powerful implications – human beings resources/inputs in production
process – not ends in themselves
Education and health means of enhancing human capital
Rates of return important
Basic Needs Approach




Evolved in 1970s from ILO focus on providing basic needs for poor –
food, shelter, clothing, health care, water etc
Focus on provision of goods
Ignores choices and underplays freedom
Ignores ‘agency’ aspect of individuals – people treated more as
beneficiaries
COMPARING APPROACHES
`
Human
Development
Economic
Growth
Human
Resource
Development
People
Instrumental
and intrinsic
value-agency
Instrumental
Factor of
Production instrumental
Beneficiaries
End-goals
Formation of
human
capabilities
and use of
acquired
capabilities
Creation of
wealth
Maximizing
human
productivity
Welfare
Indicators
Human liberty GDP per
and choices
capita
Labor
productivity
Eradication of
Poverty
Orientation
Ethical
Utilitarian
Protectionist
Economic
Basic Needs
Approach
CHARACTERISTICS OF HD
Under Construction
Multidimensional
Inter-disciplinary
Pragmatic
FOUR PILLARS OF HD
Equity
Participation
Efficiency
Sustainability
MILLENNIUM DECLARATION AND
MDG

Millennium Summit of United Nations General
Assembly in September 2000- 189 member States adopted
the Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs)

Declaration reaffirms values including equality, mutual
respect, and shared responsibility for the condition of all
peoples

8 Goals – 21 Targets and 60 indicators to be achieved by
2015

Lends specificity to HD approach

Roadmap to ensure Human Development
MDG GOALS AND TARGETS
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty
and hunger
Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and
2015, the proportion of people whose
income is less than one dollar a day
Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and
2015, the proportion of people who
suffer from hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary
education
Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015,
children everywhere, boys and girls
alike, will be able to complete a full
course of primary schooling
Goal 3: Promote gender equality
and empower women
Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity
in primary and secondary education
preferably by 2005 and to all levels
of education no later than 2015
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Target 5: Reduce by two thirds, the
under five mortality rate
MDG GOALS AND TARGETS
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Target 6: Reduce by three-quarters, between
1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS,
malaria and other diseases
Target 7: Have halted by 2015 and begun to
reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Target 8: Have halted by 2015 and begun to
reverse the incidence of malaria and other
major diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental
sustainability
Target 9: Integrate the principles of
sustainable and reverse the loss of
development into country policies and
programmes environmental resources
Target 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of
people without sustainable access to safe
drinking water
Target 11 By 2020, to have achieved a
significant improvement in the lives of at least
100 million slum dwellers
MDG GOALS AND TARGETS
Goal 8:
Develop a
global
partnership
for
development
Target 12: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable,
non-discriminatory trading and financial system
Target 13: Address the special needs of the least developed
countries
Target 14: Address the special needs of landlocked countries and
small island developing States
Target 15: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of
developing countries through national and international measures in
order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Target 16: In co-operation with developing countries, develop and
implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth
Target 17: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide
access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
Target 18: In co-operation with the private sector, make available
the benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications
WHY MEASURE HD?


Measuring HD important for

assessment of HD situation in country

monitoring of HD situation

evidence based policy making
HD multi-dimensional – quantitative and qualitative data
on various dimensions

MDGs have lent specificity to HD – the indicators are
measurable and can be monitored at disaggregated level
NEED FOR HDI
 HDI
arose out of need to evolve suitable
alternative to per capita GDP as an indicator
 Needed an index that was
 Simple
to compute
 Measures both economic and social dimensions
 Enables national and international comparisons
 HDI
measures achievements in
 Longevity
 Knowledge
 Decent
standard of living
CALCULATING THE HDI

Human Development Index used as an important composite
measure of HD - combined index of three choices reflected in indicators



Long lasting and healthy life
 Life Expectancy at Birth
Access to knowledge
 Adult Literacy Rate, Combined Enrolment Ratio
Resources for a decent life
 GDP per capita

Refined methodology since 2010 – same dimensions but better specified
indicators and methodology

Concept of HD is much broader than HDI

Includes both economic and social choices

HDI uses limited indicators to keep index simple
HD AND MDGs
Key Capabilities for HD
Corresponding MDG
Living a long and healthy life
Goals 4 ,5, 6 reducing child mortality
improving maternal health and combating
major diseases
Being educated
Goals 2 and 3: Achieving universal primary
education, promoting gender equality
Having a decent standard of living
Goal 1,7: Reducing poverty and hunger and
ensuring environmental sustainability
Enjoying political and civil freedoms
to participate in the life of one’s
community
Not a goal but an important global objective
included in the Millennium Declaration
INEQUALITY ADJUSTED HDI
 IHDI introduced in 2010 HDR - calculated for each dimension
separately and when aggregated indicates loss in HDI value due
to inequality
• Addresses criticism that HDI looks only at average achievements
and does not take into account inequlaity
GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX
 Three
dimensions, five indicators
 Methodology:
 Focus on gender inequality – replaces the Gender related
Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment
Measure (GEM)
 Combines indicators of development and empowerment
MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY
INDEX
UNDERSTANDING THE MPI
 Interpretation


Identifies the share of the population suffers multiple
deprivations at the same time, adjusted by the intensity
of the deprivations suffered
Value added

Uses data from the same survey and thus identifying
people who are poor in multiple dimensions at the same
time

Can be decomposed to show extent to which different
groups suffer multidimensional poverty and each
deprivation
INDIA- HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
STATUS
 In
2011- India’s HDI value 0.547
 Rank
134 among 187 countries – middle HD country
 India’s
2011 HDI value lower than the 1990 HDI value
of - Brazil, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Thailand and South
Africa
 China’s
 India’s
life expectancy in 1990 – 68.3 years
life expectancy in 2011 – 65.4 years
INDIA- IHDI AND GII

Aggregate human development status masks pervasive
inequalities in India

IHDI value- 0.392 - India loses 28.7% of its HDI value on
account of inequalities

Highest loss is in education dimension - 40.6% followed
by health 27.1% and income 14.7%

India ranks 129 on GII out of 146 countries

India ranks lower than all South Asian countries on the
GII except Afghanistan
MULTIDIMENTIONAL POVERTY IN
INDIA
 MPI
value- 0.283
 612
million or 53.7% of India’s population
is multidimensionally poor
 28.6%
 India
of the population severely poor
has the largest concentration of
multidimensional poor people in the world
DIMENSIONS OF DEPRIVATION





Given India’s size, dimensions of deprivation huge
Number of income poor – 407 million –equal to
total population of Brazil 185 million and Japan
127 million
Population of poor in India’s 8 poorest States
equal to population of 26 African States
233 million undernourished = total population of
Indonesia 216 million + Ghana 20 million
India’s performance will have impact on
MDGs globally
DISAGGREGATING THE HDI THE NEED
Need to assess and monitor human
development at disaggregated level
 Disaggregated HDIs helps highlight significant
disparities and gaps and redirect
policy/budget
 Can be used for local communities as
pressure tool, for participatory planning,
accountability, etc.
 Used in several countries for studying
disparities across regions and social groups

PROGRAMMES FOR HD
 Must
enlarge ‘range of people’s choices’
 Must
improve equity, efficiency,
participation simultaneously to ensure
sustainability
 HD
is development ‘by the people for the
people’
THANK YOU!