Transcript GENDER ISSUES ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-2014

GENDER ISSUES
ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-2014
Measuring gender inequalities: the
UNDP new gender inequality index
(E.Chiappero-Martinetti)
From the Human Development Reports
“The basic objective of human development is to enlarge the
range of people's choices. These choices are not fixed for
ever. They change over time as circumstances and
aspirations change. But at all levels of development, the
three essential capabilities for human development are for
people to lead long and healthy lives, to be knowledgeable
and to have a decent standard of living. If these basic
capabilities are not achieved many choices are simply not
available and many opportunities remain inaccessible”
(UNDP, Human Development Report 1/1990)
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From HDR 1995
How to measure HD from a gender
perspective?
In 2010 HDRs celebrated the 20th anniversary and fully innovated the
whole set of indexes
Before 2010:
HDI – Human Development Index (1990)
GDI – Gender Development Index (1995)
GEM – Gender Empowerment Measure (1995)
HPIs – Human Poverty Indexes (1 & 2) (1997)
After 2010:
A new HDI
IHDI – Inequality adjusted HDI
GII – Gender Inequality Index
MPI – Multidimensional Poverty Index
GDI – an overview
A decent
DIMENSION
INDICATOR
DIMENSIO
N INDEX
EQUALLY
DISTRIBUTED
INDEX
A long and
healthy life
Female life
expectancy
at birth
Male life
expectancy
at birth
Knowledge
Female Female Male Male
GER
adult GER
adult
literacy
literacy
rate
rate
Female life Male life
expectancy expectancy
index
index
Equally distributed
life expectancy
Female
education
index
Male
education
index
Equally distributed
education index
index
Gender-related
development
index (GDI)
standard of
living
Female
estimated
earned
income
Male
estimated
earned
income
Female
income
index
Male
income
index
Equally distributed
income index
Indicators used in GDI
3 dimensions, 4 indicators
1. A long and healthy life => Life expectancy at
birth (F and M)
2. Education:
1. Adult literacy rates (F and M)
2. Gross Enrollment ratio (F and M)
3. A decent standard of living => female/male
estimated income (it depends on average wages
as well as on participation rates to the labour
market)
GDI calculation in a nutshell
3 steps:
1. Normalize
2. Combine the
dimensions penalizing
differences between M
and F in achieving
results (epsilon=2)
3. aggregate by
unweighted average
1/3 (life exp index)+1/3 (edu index) + 1/3 income index)
Range: from 0 (no inequality) and 1 (complete inequality)
Goalposts for GDI
Indicators used in GEM
•
captures gender inequality in 3 key areas:
3 dimensions, 4 indicators:
1. Political participation and decision making power:
women’s and men’s % shares of parliamentary
seats
2. Economic participation and decision-making
power: measured by 2 indicators:
• M and F % shares of positions as legislators, senior officials
and managers
• M and F% shares of professional and technical positions
3. Power over economic resources as measured by F
and M estimated earned income (PPP US$)
GEM calculation in a nutshell
• For each dimension an Equally Distributed Equivalent
Percentage (EDEP) is calculated according to this formula
and divided by 50 (in an ideal society GEM indicators for M & W
would be equal to 50%)
• GEM is calculated as a simple average of the three EDEPs
measure
Range: from 0 (no inequality) and 1 (complete inequality)
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Indicators used in GII
3 dimensions, 5 indicators
1. Reproductive health:
1. Maternal mortality
2. Adolescent fertility
2. Empowerment
1. Parliamentary representation
2. Educational attainment (secondary level and above)
3. Labour market: labour force participation
Range: from 0 (no inequality) and 1 (complete inequality)
GII calculation in a nutshell
5 steps:
1. Treating zeros and extreme values:
– Maternal mortality: 10 (min) 1000 (max)
– Parliamentary representation: if 0 then 0.1
2. Aggregating across dimensions within each group using
geometric means
– For female and girls
– For men and boys
GII in a nutshell (2)
3. Aggregating across gender groups, using a harmonic mean(it
captures ineq between M & F)
4. Calculating the geometric mean of the arithmetic means for each
indicator
5. Calculating the GII as:
….not really an easy task….
Read and compare gender indexes across
countries and regions and across time
• HDRs 2004, 2010, 2011,2013
• Four groups according to HD (very high, high,
medium and low HD; 3 groups in 2004)
• Single dimensions of HD
• Other relevant variables
• Gender indexes vs income measures (GDP)