Transcript SERVICES AND URBAN PATTERNS

SERVICES AND URBAN
PATTERNS
AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
SPRING 2013
Chapters 12 & 13
USA at Night
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVACTOY7E5c&feature=player_embedded#!
World at Night
Services
 Service = any activity that fulfills a
human want or need
 Services are located in settlements
 Location
of services is important for
profitability
 Affluent regions tend to offer more services
 Local diversity is evident in the provision
of services
Where Did Services Originate?
 Three types of services
 Consumer
About
44 percent of all jobs in the United States
 Business
About
States
 Public
services
24 percent of all jobs in the United
services
About
 In
services
17 percent of all jobs in the United States
the United States, all employment growth
has occurred in the services sector
 Services in early rural settlements
 Early
consumer services met societal needs
Examples
= burial of the dead, religious
centers, manufacturing centers
 Early
public services probably followed
religious activities
 Early business services to distribute and
store food
Where Did Services Originate?
Ancient Ur
Ur, in modern-day
Iraq, was one of the
earliest urban
settlements. The
ziggurat, or stepped
temple, was
surrounded by a
dense network of
residences
Where Did Services Originate?
Catal (Titris) Höyük, Turkey
Schematic reconstruction
drawing of a section of Level
VI, Çatal Höyük, Turkey,
ca. 6000–5900 BCE. (after J.
Mellaart).
Landscape with volcanic eruption(?) /
goddess(?),wall painting from - Level
VII, Çatal Höyük, Turkey, ca. 6150
BCE.
Where Did Services Originate?
Athens, Greece
The hilltop site
of the
Acropolis,
dating to about
500 B.C., still
dominates the
skyline of
modern
Athens.
Where Did Services Originate?
Medieval Cities
 Services
in medieval cities
Largest
settlements were in Asia
European cities developed with feudalism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p53kJX64ieQ
Where Did Services Originate?
Paris, France
Paris was originally surrounded by walls which were expanded to include
new neighborhoods as the city grew.
Where Did Services Originate?
Clustered Rural Settlements
Zulu Village
Circular Rural Settlements
Kraal village in southern Africa,
which have enclosures for the
livestock in the center, surrounded
by a ring of houses.
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
Gewandorf Settlements, Germany
The services present in rural
settlements are:
1.Agriculture
2.Personal Services
a.Religious Structures
b.Schools
3.Handful of Public, Retail, and
Producer Services
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
Linear Rural Settlements
This would later be used in Louisiana by the French.
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
French log-lot system
houses were erected
along a river,
principal water
source, Narrow lots –
perpendicular to the
river so each original
settler had river
access.
Clustered Settlements in Colonial
America
Public buildings are
grouped around a
“common” which was
used as a pasture.
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
 Services in urban settlements
 Differences
between urban and rural settlements
Large
size
High density
Social heterogeneity
 Increasing percentage of people in cities
 Increasing number of people in cities
MDCs have higher % of urban residents, but LDCs
have more of the very large urban settlements.
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
Percentage of Population Living in
Urban Settlements
Population of urban settlements exceeded that of rural settlements for the
first time in human history in 2008. (urbanization)
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
Urban Settlements With Populations
of at Least 3 Million
Rapid growth of urban settlements in LDCs reflects increasing overall
population plus migration from rural areas.
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
Why Are Consumer Services
Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
 Central place theory
 First
proposed by Walter Christaller (1930s)
 Characteristics
A
central place has a market area (or hinterland)
“Daily Urban Systems”
Delineated by functional ties, especially commuting, to the nearest
metropolitan area. Everyone in the US has access to services in at least
one large settlement.
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
Central Place Theory
 Consumer services and business services do not
have the same distribution. Consumer services
generally follow a regular pattern based on size of
settlements. Business services cluster in specific
settlements, creating a specialized pattern.
 A central place is a market center for the exchange
of goods and services by people attracted from the
surrounding area. Central places compete against
each other. This competition creates a regular
pattern of settlements, according to the central
place theory.
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
 The area surrounding a service from which
customers are attracted is the market area or
hinterland . To establish the market area, a circle is
drawn around the node. The closer to the
periphery of the circle, the greater is the
percentage of consumers who will choose to obtain
services from other nodes.
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
Central Place Theory
Why hexagons to delineate market areas?
Circles are equidistant from center to edge, but they overlap or leave
gaps.
Squares nest together without gaps, but their sides are not equidistant
from the center.
The hexagon is a compromise. Offers a compromise between the
geometric properties of circles and squares.
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
Central Place Theory
Market areas are arranged into a regular pattern according to central
place theory, with larger settlements fewer and further apart.
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
According to geographers, the best location is the
one that minimizes the distance to the services for
the largest number of people.
Gravity Model –
predicts that the optimal location of a service is
directly related to the number of people in the area
and inversely related to the distance people must
travel to access it.
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
Supermarket and Convenience Store
Market Areas
Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and UDF
convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio. Supermarkets have much larger areas
and ranges than convenience stores.- Why?
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
Optimal Location for a Pizza-Delivery Service
Geo-Pizza should located between 7th and 6th streets – Why?
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
PRIMATE CITY STATUS
A country’s leading city is always proportionately
large and exceptionally expressive of national
capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly
at least twice as large as the next largest city and
more than twice as significant.
- Mark Jefferson
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
PRIMATE CITY STATUS
Not all countries have a
primate city
•India – New Delhi, Mumbai,
Kolkata
•China & Brazil – Beijing,
Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio
de Janeiro
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
PRIMATE CITY of the World
 New York, New York
 The City That Never Sleeps!
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
Rank-Size Distribution in the
United States and Indonesia
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
RANK-SIZE RULE ?
• Paris (2.2 million) vs.
Marseilles (800,000)
• London (6.9 million) vs.
Birmingham (1 million)
• Mexico City (21.8 million)
vs. Guadalajara (3.7 million)
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
Why Do Business Services Cluster in
Large Settlements?
 Hierarchy of business services
 Services
in world cities
 Business:
clustering of services is a product of the
Industrial Revolution (transportation and
communications)
 Consumer: retail services with extensive market areas
 May include leisure services of national importance
due to large thresholds, large ranges, and the
presence of wealthy patrons.
 Public: world cities are often the center of national or
international political power
World Cities
World cities are centers for the provision of services in the global economy
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?
 Business services in LDCs
 Offshore
financial services
 Two
functions:
 Taxes – low or nonexistent
 Privacy - businesses or individuals evade disclosure
in their home countries
 Back
offices - business process outsourcing
(BPO) Ex. Call centers.
 LDCs
are attractive because of:
 Low wages
 Ability to speak English (many Asian countries)
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?
Business-Service Cities in the U.S.
Below the world cities in the hierarchy of U.S. cities are command and
control centers, specialized producer-service centers, and dependent
centers.
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?
 Economic base of settlements
 Two
types:
 Basic
industries – exports primarily to consumers
outside he settlement.
 Nonbasic industries – enterprises whose customers live
in the same community – consumer services.
 Specialization
of cities in different services
 Distribution of talent
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?
Economic Base of U.S. Cities
Cities that have a high proportion of their labor force engaged in the
specified economic activity shown.
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?
Distribution of Talent
 Individuals possessing special talents are not distributed
uniformly among cities.
 The principal reason enticing talented individuals
to cluster in some cities more than others is
cultural rather than economic.
 Significant positive relationship between the distribution of
talent and the distribution of diversity in the largest U.S.
cities.
 Attracting talented individuals is important for a city,
because these individuals are responsible for promoting
economic growth and innovation.
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?