Developmental Education: The P-16 Challenge

Research indicates that more than 40% of incoming college freshmen are required to enroll in remedial courses. This session will explore whether developmental education provides a bridge to college level work or becomes a barrier to college success. Additionally, the session will address how high schools, community colleges and universities can work together to improve outcomes in developmental education.

Frank B. Ashley III, Ed.D.

Interim Provost Texas A&M University-Commerce

Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board

“Closing the Gaps” • Participation and Success

“To achieve Texas’ bright future, enrollments in our million. Since the “expected” increase based on past trends would be 300,000 students, we have our work cut out for us. Texas will not achieve the results it needs if students do

THECB Website

THECB

“More than 200,000 undergraduates in Texas' public colleges and universities are Under prepared for college-level coursework”.

The report focuses on 4 areas: > Under prepared students > Program effectiveness > Best practices > Funding

Just the Facts

• Nationally, more than 40% of students arrive on college campuses needing remedial work • Only about half of the high-school graduates who enter college have pursued a college-preparatory curriculum • Colleges and Universities spends billions of dollars a years on remedial education

Developmental Education: Statewide Data Profile

Provided by: Cynthia Ferrell Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Underprepared Students

In Texas, over 40% of all new students were underprepared for college.

St at ewide 4- Year Inst it ut ions 2- Year Inst it ut ions 41% 22% 50%

Source: Fall 2002 FTIC, THECB TASP LBB Performance Measure FY2005

100% Hispanic and African American Students are overrepresented in underprepared populations.

90% 80% St at ewide 4- Year Inst it ut ions 2- Year Inst it ut ions 70% 60% 62% 60% 50% 40% 32% 43% 54% 36% 54% 39% 30% 20% 12% 10% 0% White Hispanic A frican A merican

Source: Fall 2002 FTIC, THECB TASP LBB Performance Measures FY2005

The Blame Game or Who’s Fault is It?

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Statewide, students who completed a more rigorous high school curriculum were half as likely to be underprepared for college.

32% 18% 49% 59% 33% St at ewide 4- Year Inst it ut ions 2- Year Inst it ut ions 65% Recommended HSP Minimum HSP *RHSP=Recommended or Distinguished High School Program MHSP=Minimum High School Program

Source: Fall 2002 FTIC, THECB TASP LBB Performance Measures FY2005

Academic Requirements in a Typical Class

Never Less than Once a Month A few times a month Weekly or more often Write a 1-5 page paper Write a paper of more than 5 pages Make Presentation in Class H.S.

College H.S.

College H.S.

College

19% 16%

61% 28% 11% 21%

48% 44%

37% 67%

59% 62% 24% 32% 2% 5%

24% 14%

9% 8% 0% 0% 6% 3%

Participate in Class discussions Work with other students on Projects H.S.

College H.S.

College

1% 7%

4% 20%

4% 6% 29% 36% 9% 17%

36% 26%

86% 71%

31% 18% Memorize facts, ideas or methods H.S.

College

5% 12% 18% 23% 28% 23% 50% 42% Source: Chronicle of Higher Education (3/10/06)

Subject Science Math Writing Reading/ Understanding difficulty Materials

What Teachers and Professors Think

Not well Prepared 8% Somewhat well prepared 44% Very well prepared 38% Don’t Know

11%

20% 9% 32% 10% 44%

15% 41%

32% 46% 32%

49% 47% 56% 48%

5% 37% 4% 36% 6%

26% 10% 42% 7% 32% 4% 3% 3% 2% High School College High School College High School College High School College Source: Chronicle of Higher Education (3/10/06)

Program Effectiveness

100% Only 10% of all new underprepared students, who took developmental courses, gained college-readiness in their first year.

90% 80% St at ewide 4- Year Inst it ut ions 2- Year Inst it ut ions 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 24% 20% 10% 0% 10% 7%

Source: Fall 2002 FTIC, THECB TASP LBB Performance Measures FY2005

100% The Good News for Texas Almost 60% of all new under-prepared students persisted from Fall to Fall.

St at ewide 4- Year Inst it ut ions 90% 2- Year Inst it ut ions 80% 75% 70% 59% 60% 56% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Source: Fall 2002 FTIC, THECB TASP LBB Performance Measures FY2005

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% The Bad News One-fifth of all new underprepared students earn a certificate or degree within six years, compared to almost one-half of prepared students.

20% 34% 17% 48% 63% St at ewide 4- Year Inst it ut ions 2- Year Inst it ut ions 35% Underprepared

Source: THECB Analysis of CB001, CBM002, and CBM009

Prepared

“Best Practices”

Based on a literature review of state and national best practices include:

Institutional Commitment Centralization Academic Advising Alternative Interventions Program Evaluation

Educational Policy Institute

Dr.. Watson Scott Swail Websites: Educatoinalpolicy.org

Studentretention.org

The Student Experience Financial Aid Recruitment & Admissions Academic Services Student Services Curriculum & Instruction Source (Dr. Scott Swail: Educational Policy Institute)

Administrators Must ensure there is support for the following • Social and Academic Integration – Peer relations – Role Models and Mentors • Academic Preparedness • Campus Climate – Diversity in Faculty, staff and students – Nature and quality of interactions in and out of classroom • Commitment to Education Goals and the Institution – Tinto (1993)The stronger the goal and institutional commitment the more likely the student will graduate • Financial Aid – Low income and minority students who receive grants generally are more likely to persist that those who receive loans Source: Educational Policy Institute (3/06)

Texas Education Agency

P-16 Council Developmental Education Subcommittee • Membership – Community Colleges – 6 – Four Year Institutions – 7 – Public Schools – 2 – TEA – 5 – Governmental Agencies – 2 – Act/College Board - 1 each – Governor’s Office – 2 – Legislative Budget Board - 1 • Charge – Development of recommendations to effectively address developmental education in Texas

Making Developmental education a Priority for the Campus • Faculty – Acceptance of Necessity for Developmental Education – Training – Regular faculty vs. adjuncts vs. Teaching Assistants – Reward System • Curriculum Alignment – K-12 with College Courses – Two-year with four-year – Developmental Courses with next level courses • Resources – courses more expensive – Smaller courses – Tutoring – Tools and software – Minimal subvention • Miscellaneous – Faculty more concerned with teaching instead of learning – Focus must be placed on learning outcomes

Major Recommendations

• Texas increase the preparedness of developmental

educators

– Developmental education certification and advanced degree programs • Developmental education content standards be developed

and include appropriate learning strategies

– Content standards employed to align learning objects in developmental education courses with credit bearing courses – To facility transfer of developmental courses among institution of higher education • Charge the Education Research Centers (HB1) with

developing a developmental education research agenda to collect and disseminate relevant data through appropriate and rigorous research methods.

Recommendations on Consent Agreement • Adoption of statewide developmental education missions statement • Adoption of statewide definition of developmental education • Appointment of the Subcommittee as the Texas Success Initiative Advisory Committee • Completion of a study on the costs associated with developmental education • The inclusion of a developmental education accountable

measure of underpreparded student completion of baccalaureate degrees for all institutions of higher education

Keys to a Successful Developmental Education Program

25 Steps to Effective Developmental Education (McClenny) • Make Student success in Development education and institution wide commitment • Establish a goal to ensure that student who come under prepared are able to succeed at rates at least as high as those who came fully prepared.

• Carefully coordinate the various units involved in eh delivery of developmental courses • Establish consistency between exit standards for developmental courses and entry standards for college-level courses. • Careful selection of faculty and staff who work with developmental education is critical

25 Best Practices (cont.) • Provide professional development for all faculty and staff who work with under-prepared students • Face the issue of mandatory assessment and placement, late registration, and simultaneous enrollment in college-level courses • Recognize the importance of orientation or a college success course at the beginning of the developmental sequence • Incorporate learning communities and other cohort experience • Recognize that at-risk students need structure in courses and support services

25 Best Practices (cont.) • Integrate the work of tutors (peer and professional) with the carefully selected faculty members • Recognize the potential of open or online labs (reading, writing, and math) to support instruction • Use a variety of teaching methods (group projects, mediated learning, etc.) • Recognize the potential for computer-based (assisted) instruction which can be matched with tutoring to deliver “high tech-high touch” services.

• Avoid confusion between language acquisition (ESL or ESOL) and the need for basis skills remediation among second language learners

25 Best Practices (Cont.) • Provide prompt feedback on student performance including frequent testing • Develop links with GED providers (on or off campus) and foster transitions for students • Review the work of Roueche, Boylan, McCabe, Tinto, and Adelman • Expand and enhance the pre-enrollment (and concurrent) activity with the public schools • Consider certification from National Association for Developmental Education

Best Practices (cont.) • Consider case management (advocate/coach for the most at-risk students • Provide supplemental learning opportunities, particularly for skill practice • Commit to program evaluation which includes cohort tracking • Find the most appropriate computer-adaptive test for entry assessment and supplement with writing samples if resources permit • Stress the development of critical think skills across the curriculum

So how are we doing?

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Institutional Commitment

90% of institutions reported that developmental education is a part of their strategic plan.

90% 75% 96% State Wide 4-Year 2-Year

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 100%

Centralization

33% of institutions stated that their developmental courses are organized within a centralized unit .

St at ewide 90% 4-Year Inst it ut ions 2-Year Inst it ut ions 80% 33% 32% 33% State Wide 4- Year 2-Year

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Academic Advising

Almost 90% of institutions stated that academic advising is mandatory for all under-prepared students.

(Down about 10% over 4 years) 100% 89% 96% 86% State Wide 4-Year 2 - Year

Alternative Interventions

Fewer than 30% of institutions reported offering Learning Communities for underprepared students .

20% 29% 16% M ath 27% 29% 26% 26% 29% 25% Reading Writing

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Alternative Interventions

Few institutions reported offering Paired or Linked Courses for underprepared students.

8% 11% 7% 16% 11% 18% 12% 7% 14% M ath Reading Writing

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Alternative Interventions

30% or fewer institutions reported offering Supplemental Instruction for underprepared students .

30% 50% 22% 19% 29% 15% 19% St at ewide 4- Year Inst it ut ions 2- Year Inst it ut ions 29% 15% Math Reading Writing

100%

Evaluation

Almost 70% of institutions stated that they evaluate the effectiveness of their developmental efforts and make improvements

90% St at ewide 4- Year Inst it ut ions 2- Year Inst it ut ions 80% 74% 68% 70% 60% 54% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Where do we go from here?

• “If you admit them, you should do everything necessary for them to be successful” Dr. Raymund Paredes. TX Commissioner of Higher Education

Funding

Developmental Education Appropriations •

Over a six year period: Developmental semester credit hours have

increased by nearly 20% • Developmental appropriations have decreased 5%

4- Year Universities

• Most have not had to address this in the past – Requirements for Admissions – Class ranks or SAT/ACT Scores – Self-selection by Students • Now part of THECB Accountability • TEA Associate Commissioner for P-16 – P-16 Subcommittee on Developmental Education • Two Key Issues – Faculty – Resources not in place for intervention • Now looking to the Community Colleges for

No Child left Behind?

Accountability: Coming to your theater soon