Transcript Document
Chapter 5 -
Total Quality Management
Operations Management
by
R. Dan Reid & Nada R. Sanders
4th Edition © Wiley 2010 PowerPoint Presentation by R.B. Clough – UNH M. E. Henrie - UAA © Wiley 2010 1
Defining Quality
Definition of quality is dependent on the people defining it There is a lack of a single, universal definition of quality 5 common definitions include Conformance to specifications Fitness for use Value for price paid Support services Psychological criteria © Wiley 2010 2
Order Qualifiers…
Delivering Two Kinds of Quality
by Keith McFarland, Business Week, Feb. 15, 2006 As I write this, the petroleum executive sitting next to me on the plane has carefully unpacked his Bose QuietComfort 2 headphones and iPod nano, which has me thinking about the meaning of quality. The Japanese actually have two words for quality -- and an understanding of each is necessary to compete today.
More than 20 years after the quality craze kicked off in the U.S. (primarily because America was getting its clock cleaned by the Japanese), quality remains an elusive target for many American companies. Not that we haven't made progress. In 1980 the average car produced by Ford (F) had twice as many product flaws (as measured by J.D. Power's survey of initial quality) as the average Japanese car.
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Order Qualifiers…
By 1986 the Japanese auto industry lead over Ford had shrunk from 100% to about 20%, as Ford made quality "Job One." But since that impressive initial spurt of progress, many U.S. companies have struggled to keep up on quality, even as the Japanese began building more of their products in the U.S. with American workers.
INNOVATION CURVE. The truth is, the Japanese have an unfair advantage. Japanese culture intrinsically values quality and appreciates the small details. In fact, the Japanese expression for quality is atarimae hinshitsu , which can be roughly translated as "taken-for-granted quality." What do the Japanese take for granted when it comes to quality? They take for granted that things should work as they are supposed to, and they even see an elegance to things working properly -- whether it's cars, subway schedules, traditional flower arranging, or the famous tea ceremony.
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Order Qualifiers…
Japanese manufacturers were so obsessed with taken-for-granted quality that they created a constant stream of innovations that built on renowned quality-management consultant Ed Deming's original concepts: lean manufacturing, just-in-time industry, and design for quality. In today's competitive markets, manufacturers need to be very far along this quality innovation curve -- or moving along it very quickly. If they are not, you can take for granted that they will go out of business.
This is true even for small, entrepreneurial companies. The ability to create products and services that work is no longer a source of long term competitive advantage. It has become just the price of admission to most markets. If the stuff your competitors make works better, your customers aren't going to be customers for long.
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…and Order Winners!
MODERN MARVELS. That brings us to the second of the two Japanese expressions for quality: miryoku teki hinshitsu, which means "bewitching" or "enchanting quality." This kind of quality appeals not to customer expectations and reliability (that things should do what they're supposed to), but rather to a person's aesthetic sense of beauty and elegance.
That's what I think Apple Computer (AAPL) got right with the iPod and its many offspring. The nano belonging to the man sitting next to me is a marvel, not just of miniaturization, but of rounded edges in a world of sharp corners.
And as I put on my own Bose headphones, I realize how much I appreciate being able to retreat to my Zen space amid the rumble of the aircraft engines, rattling serving carts, and chattering cabin mates. If these products didn't work properly when you turned them on, nobody would buy them. They would lack atarimae hinshitsu. But with the hungry competitors in most markets today, taken-for-granted quality by itself may not get the job done.
http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/feb2006/sb20060214_876719.htm?chan=search © Wiley 2010 6
Defining Quality – 5 Ways
Conformance to specifications Does product/service meet targets and tolerances defined by designers?
Fitness for use Evaluates performance for intended use Value for price paid Evaluation of usefulness vs. price paid Support services Quality of support after sale Psychological e.g. Ambiance, prestige, friendly staff © Wiley 2010 7
TQM is a
Philosophy
for Business
Philosophy
is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live ( ethics ); what sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures ( metaphysics ( philosophía ), meaning ); what counts as genuine knowledge ( ( logic epistemology ). The word is of Greek origin: ); and what are the correct principles of reasoning φιλοσοφία love of wisdom .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy © Wiley 2010 8
Quality Gurus
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Deming’s 14 Points
Create constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and service, with the aim to become competitive and to stay in business, and to provide jobs. Adopt the new philosophy. We are in a new economic age. Western management must awaken to the challenge, must learn their responsibilities, and take on leadership for change. Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality. Eliminate the need for inspection on a mass basis by building quality into the product in the first place. © Wiley 2010 10
Deming’s 14 Points
End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag. Instead, minimize total cost. Move toward a single supplier for any one item, on a long-term relationship of loyalty and trust. Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service, to improve quality and productivity, and thus constantly decrease costs. Institute training on the job. Institute leadership (see Point 12 and Ch. 8). The aim of supervision should be to help people and machines and gadgets to do a better job. Supervision of management is in need of overhaul, as well as supervision of production workers.
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Deming’s 14 Points
Drive out fear, so that everyone may work effectively for the company.
Break down barriers between departments. People in research, design, sales, and production must work as a team, to foresee problems of production and in use that may be encountered with the product or service. © Wiley 2010 12
Deming’s 14 Points
Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the work force asking for zero defects and new levels of productivity. Such exhortations only create adversarial relationships, as the bulk of the causes of low quality and low productivity belong to the system and thus lie beyond the power of the work force.
Eliminate work standards (quotas) on the factory floor. Substitute leadership. Eliminate management by objective. Eliminate management by numbers, numerical goals. Substitute leadership. © Wiley 2010 13
Deming’s 14 Points
Remove barriers that rob the hourly worker of his right to pride of workmanship. The responsibility of supervisors must be changed from sheer numbers to quality. © Wiley 2010 14
Deming’s 14 Points
Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement. Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the transformation. The transformation is everybody's job. From http://www.deming.org/theman/teachin gs02.html
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Evolution of TQM – New Focus
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Cost of Quality
Quality affects all aspects of the organization Quality has dramatic cost implications of; Quality control costs Prevention costs Appraisal costs Quality failure costs Internal failure costs External failure costs © Wiley 2010 17
Cost of Quality – 4 Categories
Early detection/prevention is less costly May be less by a factor of 10 © Wiley 2010 18
TQM Methodology
TQM Focuses on identifying quality problem root causes Encompasses the entire organization Involves the technical as well as people Relies on seven basic concepts of Customer focus Continuous improvement Employee empowerment Use of quality tools Product design Process management Managing supplier quality © Wiley 2010 19
TQM Methodology - concepts
Focus on Customer Identify and meet customer needs Stay tuned to changing needs, e.g. fashion styles Continuous Improvement Continuous learning and problem solving, e.g. Kaizen, 6 sigma, benchmarking © Wiley 2010 20
TQM Methodology (
continued
) – Concepts
Employee Empowerment Empower all employees; external and internal customers Teams formed around processes – 8 to 10 people Meet weekly to analyze and solve problems Quality Tools Ongoing training on analysis, assessment, and correction, & implementation tools Studying practices at “best in class” companies Plan-Do-Study-Act © Wiley 2010 21
Ways of Improving Quality
Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycle (PDSA)
Also called the Deming Wheel after originator Circular, never ending problem solving process
Seven Tools of Quality Control
Tools typically taught to problem solving teams
Used to translate customer preferences to design © Wiley 2010 22
PDSA Details
Plan Evaluate current process Collect procedures, data, identify problems Develop an improvement plan, performance objectives Do Implement the plan – trial basis Study Collect data and evaluate against objectives Act Communicate the results from trial If successful, implement new process © Wiley 2010 23
PDSA
(continued) Cycle is repeated After act phase, start planning and repeat process © Wiley 2010 24
Seven Tools of Quality Control
Cause-and-Effect Diagrams Flowcharts Checklists Control Charts Scatter Diagrams Pareto Analysis Histograms © Wiley 2010 25
Cause-and-Effect Diagrams
Called Fishbone Diagram Focused on solving identified quality problem © Wiley 2010 26
Flowcharts
Used to document the detailed steps in a process Often the first step in Process Re-Engineering © Wiley 2010 27
Checklist
Simple data check-off sheet designed to identify type of quality problems at each work station; per shift, per machine, per operator
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Control Charts
Important tool used in Statistical Process Control – Chapter 6 The UCL and LCL are calculated limits used to show when process is in or out of control © Wiley 2010 29
Scatter Diagrams
A graph that shows how two variables are related to one another Data can be used in a regression analysis to establish equation for the relationship
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Pareto Analysis
Technique that displays the degree of importance for each element Named after the 19 th century Italian economist Often called the 80-20 Rule Principle is that quality problems are the result of only a few problems e.g. 80% of the problems caused by 20% of causes © Wiley 2010 31
Histograms
A chart that shows the frequency distribution of observed values of a variable like service time at a bank drive-up window Displays whether the distribution is symmetrical (normal) or skewed © Wiley 2010 32
Product Design Quality Function Deployment
Critical to ensure product design meets customer expectations Useful tool for translating customer specifications into technical requirements is Quality Function Deployment (QFD) QFD encompasses Customer requirements Competitive evaluation Product characteristics Relationship matrix Trade-off matrix Setting Targets © Wiley 2010 33
Quality Function Deployment ( QFD) Details
Process used to ensure that the product meets customer specifications Voice of the engineer Voice of the customer Customer-based benchmarks 34 © Wiley 2010
QFD - House of Quality
Adding trade-offs, targets & developing product specifications Trade-offs Targets © Wiley 2010 Technical Benchmarks 35
Reliability – critical to quality
Reliability is the probability that the product, service or part will function as expected No product is 100% certain to function properly Reliability is a probability function dependent on sub-parts or components © Wiley 2010 36
Reliability – critical to quality
Simple Serial Reliability of a system is the product of component reliabilities R S = (R 1 ) (R 2 ) (R 3 ) . . . (R n ) R S = reliability of the product or system R 1 = reliability of the components © Wiley 2010 37
Reliability – critical to quality
Can increase reliability by placing components in parallel Parallel components allow system to operate if one or the other fails R Subsystem = R 1 +(R 2 * Probability of needing 2 nd component) = R 1 +R 2 *(1- R 1 ) © Wiley 2010 38
Reliability: Example, Ch 5 #10
R 1 = .90
R 2 = .85
R s = = (.90)*(.85)*(.90)*(.95) = 0.6541
R 3 = .90
© Wiley 2010 R 4 = .95
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Process Management
Quality products come from quality sources Quality must be built into the process Quality at the source is belief that it is better to uncover source of quality problems and correct it TQM extends to quality of product from company’s suppliers © Wiley 2010 40
Managing Supplier Quality
TQM efforts must extend to a firm’s suppliers Suppliers should meet pre-specified quality criteria, such as certification Inspection of incoming material is a waste of time and effort Firm may have in-plant representative at supplier © Wiley 2010 41
Quality Awards and Standards
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA)
ISO 9000 Certification
ISO 14000 Standards
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ISO Standards
ISO 9000 Standards: Certification developed by International Organization for Standardization Set of internationally recognized quality standards Companies are periodically audited & certified ISO 9000:2000 QMS – Fundamentals and Standards ISO 9001:2000 QMS – Requirements ISO 9004:2000 QMS - Guidelines for Performance More than 40,000 companies have been certified ISO 14000: Focuses on a company’s environmental responsibility © Wiley 2010 43
Manufacturing Quality vs. Service Quality
Manufacturing quality focuses on tangible product features Conformance, performance, reliability, features Service organizations produce intangible products that must be experienced Quality often defined by perceptional factors like courtesy, friendliness, promptness, waiting time, consistency © Wiley 2010 44
Why TQM Efforts Fail
Lack of a genuine quality culture Lack of top management support and commitment Over- and under-reliance on SPC methods © Wiley 2010 45
MBNQA- What Is It?
Award named after the former Secretary of Commerce – Reagan Administration Intended to reward and stimulate quality initiatives Given to no more that two companies in each of three categories; manufacturing, service, and small business Past winners; Motorola Corp., Xerox, FedEx, 3M, IBM, Ritz-Carlton © Wiley 2010 46
The Deming Prize
Given by the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers since 1951
Named after W. Edwards Deming who worked to improve Japanese quality after WWII
Not open to foreign companies until 1984
Florida P & L was first US company winner
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Many Viewpoints!
Why Six Sigma Is on the Downslope
Online January 10, 2008 by Tom Davenport, Harvard Business I was never a big fan of Six Sigma. As approaches to business process improvement and management go, it always had some glaring shortcomings. First, there was all the statistical mumbo-jumbo it implied—but seldom delivered on in most companies' implementations. Second, it didn't incorporate information technology—arguably the most powerful force available for improving (or screwing up) processes—in any way. Third, it was overly elitist. Instead of relying on Six Sigma expert "black belts" do the process analysis and design, every employee should be a process improver, as I argued last week. Fourth, it really only enabled incremental improvement, not radical breakthroughs. Fifth and last, it wasn't a good fit for innovation-oriented work. Even Jack Welch now admits that it shouldn't be used everywhere in a company, but I might argue that it should only be used in product manufacturing, where the idea of reducing defects to one in six standard deviations really makes sense. © Wiley 2010 48
Many Viewpoints!
So what's the best alternative to Six Sigma for process improvement? Well, there really is no one alternative that's best for all processes and circumstances. Companies really need a combination of tools and approaches. The best companies in process management already have such a combination. You hear about Lean Six Sigma, which is a combination of some of the lean approaches found in the Toyota Production System and Six Sigma, but actually the mix should be even broader. Johnson & Johnson, for example, in its "Process Excellence" program, also adds a component involving breakthrough change. Even Motorola, where Six Sigma was born, also incorporates a method for creating breakthrough process improvements.
http://www.businessweek.com/managing/content/jan2008/ca2008018_555075.htm?chan=search © Wiley 2010 49
TQM Within OM
TQM is broad sweeping organizational change TQM impacts Marketing – providing key inputs of customer information Finance – evaluating and monitoring financial impact Accounting – provides exact costing Engineering – translate customer requirements into specific engineering terms Purchasing – acquiring materials to support product development Human Resources – hire employees with skills necessary Information systems – increased need for accessible information © Wiley 2010 50
Chapter 5 Highlights
TQM is different from the old concept of quality as it focus is on serving customers, identifying the causes of quality problems, and building quality into the production process Four categories of quality cost of prevention, appraisal, internal and external costs Seven TQM notable individuals include Walter A. Shewhart, W. Edwards Demings, Joseph M. Juran, Armand V. Feigenbaum, Philip B. Crosby, Kaoru Ishikawa, and Genichi Taguchi © Wiley 2010 51
Chapter 5 Highlights Continued
Seven features of TQM combine to create TQM philosophy; customer focus, continuous improvement, employee empowerment, use of quality tools, product design, process management, and managing supplier quality QFD is a tool used to translate customer needs into specific engineering requirements Reliability is the probability that the product will functions as expected The Malcom Baldridge Award is given to companies to recognize excellence in quality management. © Wiley 2010 52
The End
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