Transcript Slide 1

TRAINING PROGRAMME ON
ENGINEERING DESIGNS-CANAL STRUCTURES
GENERAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Meters
BY
ROUTHU SATYANARAYANA
CHIEF ENGINEER (Retired.)
FORMER ADVISOR, GOVERNMENT OF A.P
Communications-Bridges
 Definition:
 Bridge: A Structure having a total length above 6m between the inner faces of the
dirt walls for carrying traffic or other moving loads over a depression, a obstruction
such as a channel, road or a railway.
• Minor Bridges: A bridge having a total length of 60m.
• Major bridges: A bridge having a total length more than 60m.
 Culvert:
A structure having a total length less than 6m between the inner faces of the
dirt walls.
 Foot bridge:
A bridge exclusively used to carry pedestrians, cycles and animals. width
shall not be less than 1500mm.
 High Level Bridge:
channel.
A bridge which carries the road way above the HFL of a
 Submersible bridge:
A submersible bridge or vented causeway is a bridge designed to
be overtopping during floods.
Communications-Bridges
 Width of carriage way:
The minimum clear width measured at right angles to the longitudinal centre
line of the bridge between the inside faces of roadway kerbs of wheel guards.
 Width of footway:
The minimum clear width any where within a height of 225mm above
the surface the footway or safety kerb. Normally 1.5 m from outer rounding of kerb to
inner fce of the parapet/railing.
 Safety Kerb:
A road way for usage of pedestrians. High Level Bridge: A bridge which carries
the road way above the HFL of a channel.
 Super elevation:
Transverse inclination given to the cross section of a carriageway on a horizontal
curve in order to reduce the effect of centrifugal force on a moving vehicle.
 Crust level of the bridge:
•
•
•
It shall be the highest of the following:
Road crust level
TBL of the canal
Ground level
Communications-Bridges
 Submersible bridges and vented Causeways:
removable.
Railing
shall
be
either
collapsible
or
 Crash Barriers:
Suitable designed crash barriers provided to safe guard against errant
vehicles. Metal or RCC.
• Multilane bridges and bridges on a urban area
• Flyover and interchanges
• ROBs across railway line
• Open sea, breakwaters, deep valleys
 Types:
• Vehicle cross barriers.
• Combination Railway/Vehicle Pedestrian Crash Barriers
• High Containment Barriers
Communications-Bridges
 Approaches to bridge
Minimum straight length of 15m on either side and width equal to the carriage width.
 Bearings:
 Expansion Joints
 Foundations:
Communications-Bridges
 Basic Data:
•
Site plan with contours showing the flow direction of the canal, road way angle
(direction of skew if any), and the approach of the road for 200m on either side.
•
Names of the village/town connected on either side.
•
Hydraulic particulars of the canal both upstream and downstream.
•
LS of the canal and the road for at least 250 m on either side of crossing.
•
Cross sections of the canal and the road duly marking, Levels, such as BL, FSL,
TBL, GL, road crust level etc.,
•
TPs Particulars, taken up to hard strata or to a minimum depth of 2m below
CBL or ground level which ever deeper with soil classification.
•
Bearing capacity of the foundation strata.
Communications-Bridges
 Design Criteria:
•
Hydrology of the drain or stream.
•
Hydraulic design of
i.
The stream or drain
ii.
The hydraulic deign of the canal
• Structural Design.
i.
Super structure
ii.
Sub structure
References: IRC: 5-1998, 6-2000, 21-2000,78-2000, 83 (Part-1)-1987,
Communications-Bridges
 Design Criteria:
 Hydraulic design of
•
Design of vent way
•
Bridge crust level
•
Afflux by Molesworth’s formula (max.50mm).
•
Check for Scour
 Structural Design:
•
Super structure
•
Substructure.
References: IRC: 5-1998, 6-2000, 21-2000,78-2000, 83 (Part-1)-1987,
Bridges-Hydrology
 Hydrology of the stream or drain:
Table-1
Category
•
Canal Discharge
in cumecs
A
B
0.0 - 0.5
0.5 – 15
C
15 – 30
D
Above 30
IS: 7784 (part-1)-1973.
Stream Discharge
in cumecs
All discharges
0 – 150
Above 150
0 – 100
Above 150
0 - 150
Above 150
Flood Frequency
1 in 25 years
1 in 50 years
1 in 100 years
1 in 50 years
1 in 100 yeas
1 in 100 years
Detailed study
Communications-Bridges
Hydrology of the Drain/Stream: Detailed study in the case of drain discharge > 150 cumecs
and canal discharge > 30 cumecs.
S.No.
Type of Canal
Catchment Area (CA) in ‘M’ in Sq. Miles
Up land Areas
1. Main Canal
2. Branch Canal
Q > 500 c/s
Dickens’s formula,
Rye's formula
Q = CM 3/4
Q = CM 2/3
C=1400 for CA<1.00
C=1000
C=1200 for CA=1 to 30
Velocity shall not exceed 10 ft/sec
C=1060 for CA=30 to 500
Q=7000 M1/2 for CA>500
Velocity in the barrel up to
12 to13 ft/sec
Q=CM 2/3
C=1000 and Velocity<10’/sec
same as upland area
3. Distributaries
Q = CM 2/3
Q < 500 c/s
•
Deltaic Tracts
C=750 and Velocity< 10”/sec
Lr. No. CDO/EE-C1/1084/83-3 dated 23.08.1983.
same as upland area
Bridges-Hydrology

Hydrology of the stream or drain:
Table-1
Category
•
Canal Discharge
in cumecs
A
B
0.0 - 0.5
0.5 – 15
C
15 – 30
D
Above 30
IS: 7784 (part-1)-1973.
Stream Discharge
in cumecs
All discharges
0 – 150
Above 150
0 – 100
Above 150
0 - 150
Above 150
Flood Frequency
1 in 25 years
1 in 50 years
1 in 100 years
1 in 50 years
1 in 100 yeas
1 in 100 years
Detailed study
Bridges-Hydraulic design

Linear Waterway:
Width of the water way between the extreme edges of water surface at the
highest flood level measured at right angle to the abutment faces.
Layce’s wetted perimeter (Pw) in meters using the formula
Pw = C(Q)1/2
Where C = a coefficient, a value 4.8 (4.5-6.3)and
Q is the flood discharge in cumecs

Effective linear waterway:
obstruction.

Total width of the waterway at HFL minus the effective width of the
Length of the bridge:
Over all length measured along the centre lline of the bridge between inner
faces of dirt walls.
Bridges-Hydraulic design
 Vertical Clearance:
•
It is the vertical distance measured from HFL or FSL including the afflux o the
underside of deck of the structure..
S. No.
Designed flood in Cumecs
1.
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
< 0.3
Between 0. 3 and 3.0
Between 3.0 and 30
Between 30 and 300
Between 300 and 3000
> 3000
Minimum Vertical Clearance in mm
150
450
600
900
1200
1500
Bridges-Hydraulic design

Vertical Clearance:
• No part of the bearings shall be at a height less than 500mm
• Vertical clearance above the roadway in any traffic lane up to the lowest point 5.5

Free board:
• It shall not be less than 750mm for approaches to high level bridges.

Scour Depth:
• Mean scour depth is the depth (dm) below HFL or FSL in m
d = 1.34[q2 /f]1/3
Where, q = Discharge per meter width with or without concentration of flow in
cumecs,
f = Layce’s silt factor expressed as f = 1.76 (d m )1/2
dm = average grain size
Bridges-Hydraulic design
Bed material
Weighted mean diameter
of particle in mm-dm
Coarse silt
Fine silt
Fine silt
Fine silt
Medium silt
Standard silt
Medium sand
Coarse sand
Fine bajira & sand
Heavy sand
0.040
0.081
0.120
0.158
0.233
0.323
0.505
0.725
0.988
1.290 -2.00
Value of silt
factor- f
0.350
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.850
1.000
1.250
1.500
1.750
2.000 – 2.42
Bridges-Hydraulic design


Maximum Scour depth or Designed Scour Depth 9dorR) in m:
• Straight reaches for individual foundations without floor protection
In the vicinity of pier
2.00 d
Near abutments
1.27 d approaches retained
2.00 d scour all round
Floods with seismic combinations the values may be reduced by 0.9
For floor protection works, for raft foundations and shallow foundations
In straight reaches 1.27 d
At moderate bends 1.50 d
At sever bends
1.75 d m
At right angle bends 2.00 d
Depth of Foundation:
• In Soils Up to safe bearing capacity or a minimum of 2.0m below the scour level or the
protected bed level.
• Hard rock with crushing strength 10 MPA: 600mm
• All others
: 1500mm
Bridges-Hydraulic design

Well foundation:
•
Maximum scour depth plus a 1/3 grip length
•
In rock a minimum shear key:
300mm in hard rock
600mm in soft rock
•
Sump (Shear Key) diameter 1.5m to 2.0m less than inner hole, anchored 1.5m below
with six dowel bars of diameter 25mm places in 65mm grout hole and projected 1.5m
above
Bridges – Structural design

Loading Classification
•
•
•

IRC Class AA Loading or Class 70-R Loading
IRC Class A Loading
IRC Class B Loading – adopted for temporary structures only
Loads, Forces and Stresses:
1. Dead Loads
4. Impact and Dynamic Loads
7.Impact due to floating bodies
10. Centrifugal forces
13. Deformation effects
16. Seismic force
19. Earth Pressure & LL surcharge
2. Live Loads
5. Vehicle collusion load
8. Water currents
11. Buoyancy
14. Secondary effects
17. Wave pressure
3. Snow loads
6. wind load
9. Breaking force
12. Temperature effects
15.Errection effects
19. Grade effects
Bridges – Loads, Forces,& Stresses

Loads, Forces and Stresses:

For Class A or Class B Loading for spans (L) in m between 3m and 45m
• For RCC bridges = 4.5/(6+L)
• For Steel bridges + 9.00/(13.5+L)
For Class AA Loading and Class 70R Loading
• Spans < 9m
Tracked Vehicle: 25% for spans up to 5m linearly reducing to 10% for spans 9m
Wheeled vehicles: 25%

•
Spans of 9m and more
Tracked vehicles: 10% up to spans 40m and in accordance with curves for span >
40m
Wheeled vehicles: 25% for spans up to 12m and in accordance with curves for span
>12m
•
Steel bridges:
• Tracked vehicles: 10% for all sans
• Wheeled vehicles: 25% for spans up to 23m and in accordance with curves for
span > 23m
Bridges – Structural design

Loads, Forces and Stresses:
Impact:
 No impact allowance is added for footway bridges
 If the earth filling is > 600mm including the road crust the impact shall be reduced to 50%.
 For Pressure on Bearings and top of Bed Blocks it shall be 100%
 Pressure at Bottom surface of the Bed Block- 50%
 Pressure on the top 3m of the structure below the bed block – 50% decrease to Zero at
bottom
 Pressure on the portion of the structure > 3m below bed block - Zero
Bridges – Structural design

i.
Loads, Forces and Stresses:
Wind Load:
Horizontal force:
•
For deck- area as seen in elevation including floor and railing, less area of perforation
in the hand railing
•
For through or half trough structures- The area of elevation of the wind ward truss as
specified as above plus half the area of elevation above he deck level of all other
trusses or girders.
The intensity of wind force based on wind pressure and wind velocity.
•
It shall be doubled for Guntur, Krihna, Godavri, Visakha, Vijayanagaram and
Srikakulam districts along the coast line
Bridges – Structural design
Wind Pressure and Wind Velocity
H
0
2
4
6
8
10
15
20
25
V
80
91
100
107
113
118
128
136
142
P
40
52
63
73
82
91
107
119
130
H
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
P
147
155
162
168
173
177
180
183
186
V
141
157
171
183
193
202
210
217
224
Where W=Average height in m of the exposed suface above ground, bed level
or water level
V= Horizontal velocity f wind in Km per our at height H
P= Horizontal wing pressure in Kg/Sq.m at height H
(con….)
Bridges – Structural Design

Wind Load:
•
The lateral wind force against any exposed moving live load as acting 1.5m above road way
and shall be assumed to have the following value.
a. Highway bridges , ordinary: 300 Kgs/linear meter
b. Highway bridge carrying tramway: 450 Kgs/linear meter
•
The bridge no carrying any live load when the wind velocity at deck level exceeds 130 Kms
per hour.
•
The total assumed wind forces as calculated in accordance above cl.1 to 4, shall however ,
not less than 450 Kg per linear meter in plane of the load chord and 225 Kg per liner meter
in the plane of unloaded chord on through or half through truss, lattice or other similar
spans, and not les than 450 Kg per linear meter on deck slab.
•
A wind pressure f 240 Kg/Sqm on the unloaded structure, applied as specified in cl1, 2,
shall be used if it produces greater stresses than those produced by the combined wind
forces as peer cl. 1, 2,4 or by the wind force as per cl.5
Bridges – Loads, Forces,& Stresses

Horizontal Forces Due to Water Currents:
•
On piers parallel to the direction of the water current, the intensity of pressure shall be as
follows:
P = 52 KV2
Where
P= Intensity of pressure due to water currents in kg/m
V= Velocity of the current at the point in m/s (Maximum velocity)
K= a constant depending on shapes of pier as under
Square ended ;
1.5
circular pier or with semi circular ends: 0.66
Triangular cut and ease waters: 0.50
The value of V2 assumed to vary linearly from zero at the point of deepest scour to the square
of the maximum velocity at the free surface of water.
Maximum velocity = 1.414 times he maximum mean velocity
Bridges – Loads, Forces,& Stresses
When the current strikes the pier at an angel it resolved in to
two components.
1.Presur parallel to pier- as above
2. Normal to the pier, acting on the area of the side elevation of the pier- as with
K as 1.5, except for circular piers which shall be 0.66.
Possible variation of water current direction inclined at (20±Ə) to length of pier
Bridge having pucca floor static force due to difference in head of 250mm between
the two faces of the pier.
Bridges – Loads, Forces,& Stresses

Longitudinal Forces:

Force arising from any one or more of the flowing:
a. Tractate force due to acceleration
b. Breaking effect (invariably greater than tractate force)
c. Frictional resistance offered by the free bearings due to temperature change.
 The Breaking effect:
i. In the case of single lane or two lane bridges:
a. 20% of first train load plus 10% of the succeeding train or part thereof on one lane
only
b. If the entire train is not on the full span, breaking force shall be 20% of the loads
actually on the span,
ii
•
In the case of more than two lanes:
As in ‘A’ above for the first two lanes plus 5% of the loads on the lane in excess of
two.
•
The force due to breaking effect acting at 1.2 m above parallel to road way.
Bridges – Loads, Forces,& Stresses
•

The change in vertical reaction at the bearings to be accounted for.
Simply supported spans on unyielding supports:
• For spans of fixed and fee bearing other than Elastomeric bearings, longitudinal forces
Fixed bearing
Free bearing
(i).
Fh-µ(Rq+Rg)
µ(Rq+Rg)
Or (ii). Fh/2 + µ(Rg+Rq)
µ(Rg+Rq)
Where Fh= Applied horizontal force
Rg= Reaction due to dead load at free end
Rq= Reaction due to live load at fee end
µ = a coefficient
For steel roller bearings
0.03
concrete roller bearings
0.05
sliding bearings
0.30 to 0.50
Teflon on stainless steel
0.03 to 0.05
 Plate bearings up to 15m span for RCC or Pre stressed super structure. :
Bridges – Loads, Forces,& Stresses

Simply supported spans on unyielding supports:
• For spans up to 10 m where no bearings are provided , the longiudilnal forces at
bearing level shall be
Fh/2 or µ Rg
 Elastomeric bearings:
Longitudinal force= Fh/2+Vr Lu
Where Vr= shear rating of the Elastomeric bearing
Lu= movement of deck above bearing
•
The sub structure and foundation shall also be designed for 10% variation in
movement of the span on either side.
Bridges – Loads, Forces,& Stresses

Centrifugal Forces:

Determined from the following formula:
C = W V2/ 127 R
Where
C= Centrifugal force in tonnes
W= live load in tonnes in case of wheel loads and tonnes per linear meter in
case of UDL
V= Designed seed in km per hour
R= Radius of curvature in meters
 Consider to act at a height of 1.2 m above the level of the carriageway :
 No increase for impact effect.
Bridges – Loads, Forces,& Stresses

Buoyancy:

For full Buoyancy a reduction is made in the gross weight of the member:
• Member displaces water only in shallow foundations, the reduction in weight equal to
the volume of displaced water.
• Member under consideration displaces water and also silt and sand (deep piers and
abutment), the upward pressure causing the reduction in weight shall be
a. Full hydrostatic pressure due to a depth of water equal to the difference in level
between the free surface and the foundation
b. Upward pressure due to the submerged weight of the silt or sand in accordance
with Rankin's theory.
•
In design of submerged masonry or concrete , the buoyancy through pore pressure
may be limited to 15% of full buoyancy.
•
In case of submerged bridgeless, the full buoyancy of super structure be considered.
Bridges – Structural Design

Earth Pressure:
•
•

Approach slab:
•


In accordance with any rational theory. Coulomb’s theory is accepted.
All abutments and return walls shall be designed for a live load surcharge equivalent to
1.2m earth fill.
RCC approach slab with 12mm dia. 150mm c/c in each direction both at top and bottom
as reinforcement in concrete grade in M30 for the entire width of road way for a length not
less than 3.5m.
Temperature:
Seismic Forces:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Both the horizontal and vertical forces acting simultaneously.
Horizontal seismic force:
Feq = α β λ G
Where α= Horizontal seismic coefficient.
β= Coefficient depending on the soil foundation
λ= coefficient - important bridges… 1.5 and other bridges..1.0
Horizontal Seismic coefficient α;
Bridges – Structural Design
Zone
α
•
I
0.01
II
III
IV
V
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.08
Seismic forces shall not be considered in the direction of live load but in the direction
perpendicular to the traffic.
Bridges – Structural Design

Super structure:

Design of Deck slab or girder
•
•

Sub structure:
•
•
•
•

As per MOST drawings
IRC:6-2000, IRC: 21-2000
Piers:
Minimum thickness 1000mm
All abutments and return walls shall be designed adopting coulomb’s/Rankin’s theory,
with top width 500mm.
All abutments and return walls shall be designed for a live load surcharge equivalent to
1.2m earth fill.
Approach slab:
•
RCC approach slab with 12mm dia. 150mm c/c in each direction both at top and
bottom as reinforcement in concrete grade in M30 for the entire width of road way for
a length not less than 3.5m.
Bridges – Structural Design

Miscellaneous Items:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

RCC Kerbs
Railing:
Expansion, contraction, construction Joints
Drainage spouts
Wearing coat
Pedestals & Drainage arrangements
Bearings
Dirt Walls
Guide posts
Weep holes
Minimum Concrete grade:
•
•
•
•
RCC : M20
RCC for Deck slab and Girders: M25
CC: M15
Leveling course: M10
Bridges – Foundations

Factor of safety:



2.5.
6 to8
Not exceeding 1 in400 of the distance between two foundations.
Permissible Tension:
•
•

…
.…
Allowable Settlement (differential settlement)
•

Factor of safety on Soils
Factor of safety on Rock
No tension on soils
In rock the base area to be reduced to a size where no tension will occur such reduced area not < 67%
Factor of safety for stability:
•
For open foundations:
With out Seismic
2
1.5
1.25
i.
ii.
iii.
Against overturning
Against sliding
Against deep-seated failure

Frictional coefficient Tan Ø, Ø being angle friction:
•
•
with Seismic
1.5
1.25
1.15
Between soil and concrete … 0.5
Between rock and concrete…0.8 for good rock and 0.7 for fissured rock.
Bridges – Foundations

Well Foundations:


Minimum dimension
: 2m
Circular well exceeds 12m – Twin D- shaped may be adopted.

Steining Thickness:
•
Minimum thickness (h in m) not < 500mm and
•
h = K d l1/2 where d is external diameter of well in m, l is depth of well in m
k= a constant 0.03 for CC and 0.039 for twin D well.
•
If depth of well is >30m the thickness may be reduced above scour level in slope 1H: 3V.

Concrete Grade:
•
•
•

Tilt and Shifts:
•
•



Well shall sunk plumb without any tilt or shift.
A tilt of 1 in 80 and a shift of 150mm due to translation (both additive) shall be considered in design.
Cutting edge: In mild steel not < 40 Kg. per cum.
Well Curb:
•
•
•

Plain cc wells M15 and in sever exposed conditions no < M20, cement not<310 Kg/cum and w/c not >0.45
Plain cc wells, vertical reinforcement not <0.12% of gross sectional area and tied up with hoop steel not < 0.04%
In case of RCC, Vertical steel not < 0.2%. On the inner face not < 0.06% and transverse reinforcement < 0.04% of the volume per unit
length of the seining.
In variably in RCC grade not < M25 with minimum steel 72 Kg. per cum.
The internal angle 300 to 370
In case of blasting anticipated steel plate of thickness not < 10mm up to top of well curb.
Bottom Plug:
Bridges – Foundations

Well Foundations:
 Cutting edge: In mild steel not < 40 Kg. per cum.
 Well Curb:
•
•
•
In variably in RCC grade not < M25 with minimum steel 72 Kg. per cum.
The internal angle 300 to 370
In case of blasting anticipated steel plate of thickness not < 10mm up to top of well curb.
 Bottom Plug:
•
•
Top shall be 300mm above top of kerb with suitable sump (shear Key) below the level of cutting
edge.
CC with minimum cement 330 Kg. per cum. Increase cement for Tremie concrete.

Filling of well:
•


Refill with excavated earth or sand
Plug over fill:
300mm thick in CC M15.
 Well Cap:
•
•
•

•
Bottom of well cap be below LWL
Reinforcement from steining shall be anchored in well cap
Design on any acceptable rational method.
Sinking of well:
Sinking of well can not be started till the cured for at least 48 hours.
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