Transcript Slide 1

Plagiarism in scholarly
work
VIDEO CLIP
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n
UAITrYV6j4
DEFINITIONS
• What is plagiarism?
• What is copy right ?
• What is common knowledge ?
• What is a citation?
Plagiarism is the act of
presenting the words, ideas,
images, sounds, or the creative
expression of others as your
own.
So, if you have included the words
and ideas of others in your work
- that you neglected to cite,
- or have helped you,
- or you would not want your
lecturer to know about . . .
You have probably plagiarized!
What is Copyright?
• the exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish,
sell, or distribute the matter and form of
something (as a literary, musical, or artistic
work)
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/copyright
Copy right and intellectual property are protected
by law
TWO MAIN GROUPS OF
PLAGIARISM
Intentional
Copying a friend’s work
Buying or borrowing
papers
Cutting and pasting blocks
of text from electronic
sources without
documenting
Media “borrowing” without
documentation
Web publishing without
permissions of creators
Unintentional
Careless paraphrasing
Poor documentation
Quoting excessively
Failure to use your own
“voice”
In other words….
http://www.wishtv.com/dpp/news/local/hamilton_cou
nty/plagiarism-case-threatens-graduation
/
http://www.onlineclasses.org/2009/10/21/top-10-plagiarism-scandals-of-all-time
Plagiarism cases rock Fort Hare
Apr 9, 2013 | BONGANI FUZILE
• The University of Fort Hare
has been shocked by
allegations of plagiarism.
•
•
•
•
The assignments of three political
science postgraduate students have
been questioned.
Head of department Dr Zoleka Ndayi
alerted the university to her doubts.
Ndayi, in e-mails seen by The Times,
said assignments contained "cut and
paste" passages in which only type
sizes differed.
At a meeting of university staff it was
noted that the crisis was leading the
political science department to the
"brink of collapse“…
•
"Up to 99% of the dissertation came from online
books and articles; in some cases, with clear
indications of the stolen ideas.“ read more @
•
http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2013/04/09/plagiarismcases-rock-fort-hare
University of Fort Hare, pic. Rod Bally
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
PLAGIARISM
• Complete plagiarism
This is when a piece of work is copied entirely
from one or more sources. Even if the source(s)
is acknowledged, and even properly referenced
it is still considered to be plagiarism as it
contains no original work, or interpretation of
the information, from the student.
• Partial plagiarism
This involves inserting sections of directly
copied and unacknowledged source(s) within
an assignment.
continued
• Concealing sources
If you have cited a piece of work from a text this
does not mean you do not have to reference
any other text you refer to from that work. No
matter how many times you refer back to the
text you must acknowledge the source, even if
it is in the very next paragraph.
• Inadvertent plagiarism
Plagiarism can occur as a result of poor study
skills, but it is still considered to be academic
misconduct.
continued
• Word switch
If you copy a sentence or paragraph into your assignment
and change a few words it will still be considered to be
plagiarism. It is better to paraphrase than to quote, and if
you copy a phrase you should copy it word for word and
use quotation marks.
• Misinterpreting common knowledge
Common knowledge is information which is (a) well
known to all in a particular field, (b) easily verified by
consulting standard textbooks or encyclopaedias, and not
disputed, (c) undisputed historical facts, and (d) known
formulas or equations.
Examples of Plagiarism…
• Copying and pasting text from online
encyclopedias
• Copying and pasting text from any web site
• Using photographs, video or audio without
permission or acknowledgement
• Using another student’s or your parents’
work and claiming it as your own even with
permission
• Using your own work without properly citing
it!
More Examples of Plagiarism…
• Quoting a source without using quotation
marks-even if you do cite it
• Citing sources you didn’t use
• Getting a research paper, story, poem, or
article off the Internet
• Turning in the same paper for more than one
class without the permission of both teachers
(this is called self-plagiarism)
The INTERNET
• Special recognition needs to be given to the Internet as a
source of information. Due to the transient nature of
information on the Internet, a copy (either paper or disk)
should be retained.
WHY???
• Internet sites must be examined very carefully for
reliability, as all sources are not authoritative or
trustworthy.
 Lack of author or publisher often indicates that the
information should be treated with caution.
 The work of other students (e.g. home pages) may be
consulted but should never be a sole source of information.
So, what’s the big deal?
academic integrity
and ethical behaviour
• When you copy - you cheat yourself. You limit your
own learning.
• The consequences are not worth the risks!
• It is only right to give credit to authors whose ideas
you use (fair use of information)
• Citing gives authority to the information you present
• Citing makes it possible for your readers to locate
your source
• Cheating is unethical behavior
Popular Excuses
It’s okay if
Everyone does it!
I don’t get caught!
This assignment
I was too busy to
write that paper!
(!)
was BORING!
My Lecturer will
not know it is not
My work
I did not
Know it is
wrong!
My lecturer
Does not like
Me and
Makes
Life difficult
HOW WILL I BE CAUGHT ?
• My lecturer knows his/ her field of study
• The lecturer notices when assignments
are similar
• Anti-plagiarism tools will tell if I
plagiarised:
such as web search, or even better the
application of anti-plagiarism software
WHY IS IT NOT WORTH
IT?
• “0” on the assignment
• Parent notification
• Disciplinary action
• Suspension or dismissal from activities-sports and extracurricular
• Note on student record
• Loss of reputation among the university
community
To Put It Simple…
• If you didn’t produce it, you don’t own it.
• So, if you don’t own it, and you don’t have
permission to use it……
WHAT SHOULD I DO?
• You may rephrase anything that your read.
In other words, put it into your own words.
Do NOT copy anything word for word.
Unless…
• You are quoting someone. You may use
direct quotes if you put it in quotation
marks, and site your source in the content.
• You may legally use parts of a copyrighted
work, but you must always give the author
the credit for his/her hard work.
HOW SHOULD I DO IT ?
• Quoting
• Paraphrasing
• Summarizing
To blend source materials in with your
own, making sure your own voice is
heard.
Quoting
Quotations are the exact words of an author, copied
directly from a source, word for word. Quotations
must be cited!
Use quotations when:
• You want to add the power of an author’s words to
support your argument
• You want to disagree with an author’s argument
• You want to highlight particularly eloquent or powerful
phrases or passages
• You are comparing and contrasting specific points of view
• You want to note the important research that precedes
your own
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of an author,
putting his/her thoughts in your own words. When
you paraphrase, you rework the source’s ideas,
words, phrases, and sentence structures with your
own. Like quotations, paraphrased material must be
followed with in-text documentation and cited on
your Works-Cited page.
Paraphrase when:
• You plan to use information on your note cards and wish
to avoid plagiarizing
• You want to avoid overusing quotations
• You want to use your own voice to present information
Summarizing
• Summarizing involves putting the main
idea(s) of one or several writers into your
own words, including only the main
point(s). Summaries are significantly
shorter than the original and take a broad
overview of the source material. Again, it is
necessary to attribute summarized ideas to
their original sources.
Summarize when:
•
•
•
You want to establish background or offer an overview of a
topic
You want to describe knowledge (from several sources) about
a topic
You want to determine the main ideas of a single source
WHAT IS A CITATION
References and citations in text are the formal
methods of acknowledging the use of a creator’s
work.
An In-Text Citation?
Direct citations and quotations are acknowledged
in the body of a research/assignment.
(Right in the sentence or paragraph)
Do I have
to cite
everything?
No . . .
Facts that are widely known,
or
Information or judgments
considered “common
knowledge”
Do NOT have to be cited.
Common Knowledge Examples
Nelson Mandela was our president
The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941
If you see a fact in three or more sources,
and you are fairly certain your readers
already know this information, it is likely to
be “common knowledge.”
But when in doubt, cite!
More Common Knowledge
You are discussing your own
experiences, observations, or
reactions
Compiling the results of original
research, from science experiments,
etc.
You are using common
knowledge
DIFFERENT
REFERENCING STYLES
Different faculties prefer different
referencing styles:
• American Psychological Association
(APA)
• Modern Language Association (MLA)
• Harvard, etc.
CITATIONS IN TEXT
Definition
Citations in text identify the source of quotations or a personal
communication used in research like this (e.g. author’s last name,
publication date, and page number).
1
2
3
Purpose
1. Whether paraphrasing or quoting an
author directly, the source must be
credited.
2. Citations enable the reader to locate the
source of the quotation in References.
Format
1. Citations are included in the same
sentence or paragraph as the
quotation.
2. The sentence and the citation together
must provide the e.g. author’s last
name, the publication date and the
page(s) from which the quotation was
taken .
Punctuation
1. Quotation marks “ ” enclose quotations of less
than 40 words and are included in the text.
2. A colon: follows the statement immediately
preceding a long quotation (block quotation).
3. Brackets ( ) enclose information about the
source of the quotation (this is the citation).
Personal Communications
Personal communications include e-mail letters,
telephone conversations, interviews, etc.
They are mentioned in the body of a paper only, as
they are not locatable.
They are cited (see below), but NEVER included in
your reference list, because a reader cannot refer to
or locate them later.
Author Martine Bates (personal communication,
January 25, 2000) is excited about Marwen’s latest
adventures and hopes her readers are too.
WHAT IS A REFERENCE LIST?
An alphabetical list of sources used at the end
of your assignment;
It is preferred to use a reference list in
academic work and not a bibliography;
A bibliography is useful for further reading;
Application of rules may differ from department
to department;
Your lecturer will give guidance.
USEFUL WEB SITES:
anti-plagiarism policies and software
•http://www.turnitin.com/
http://library.dut.ac.za/plagref.htm
• http://www.click.up.ac.za/pdf/factsheet
s/TurnitinLecturer_v6_sept09.pdf
USEFULL WEBSITES Continued:
Guides to different styles
•http://library.dut.ac.za/ref%20guide%2020
10.pdf
• stellenbosch style foot notes - Google
Search
•http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/published/oscola/
oscola_2006.pdf
•http://www.slideshare.net/bobilin/plagiaris
m-and-turnitin
•http://www.slideshare.net/tharper/avoidi
ng-plagiarism-1527458/download
FROM
UNIZULU INFORMATION
LIBRARIANS
THANK YOU
and all the best