Transcript NUTRIENT SUMMARY VITAMIN B12

CHILDHOOD NUTRITION
OSU-Tulsa
WIC Program
Yesenia Gomez
NSCI 5373
December, 5 2002
Topics
 Introduction to WIC
 WIC Eligibility Requirements
 WIC Food Package and Target Nutrients
 WIC Infant Formula Rebate System
 WIC Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program
 Cost of WIC Program
 Conclusions
Introduction to WIC
 Women Infants Children Program
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Definitions
Background
Scope
Benefit
//www.fns.usda.gov/wic/
Introduction
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Definition: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program
For Women, Infants and Children known as WIC program
was created in 1972 by an amendment to the Child Nutrition
Act of 1966 in response to growing evidence of poor nutrition
and related health problems among low-income infants,
children, and pregnant women.
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WIC Program Function in:
– WIC provides cash grants to support program operations at
88 state-level WIC agencies, including those in all 50
States, American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam,
Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 33 Indian tribal
organizations.
Background
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Participation History - Nation: In 1974, the first year
WIC was permanently authorized, 88,000 people participated.
By 1980, participation was at 1.9 million; by 1990 it was 4.5
million; and by 2000 it was 7.2 million. In 2001, WIC served
an average of 7.31 million participants per month. However,
more than 7 million people get WIC benefits each month in the
nation. Participation has increased gradually since the program
began.
Background
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Participation History - Oklahoma: WIC participation
growth plot for Oklahoma from 1977 to 1997.
 The participations raised from less than 10,000 to almost
40,000 in 5 years with growth rate of 6,000
participants/year (1977 – 1983).
 After that, it dropped down and it remained almost
constant during the years 1983 until 1989. A negative
tendency is observed during 1990 – 1991.
 However, after those years, Oklahoma’s WIC program
came back with very strong growth rate of 10,000
participant/year.
Background
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Participation History - Oklahoma: Recently,
Oklahoma WIC Statistics by Carrie, C., 2002.
 As of July 31, 2001, shows that 22,680 women,
23,833 infants and 42,026 children have
participated with overall served around 88,539
participants.
 A new computer system (OK-WIC) operational is
implemented in 144 sites across the state.
Background
Participation History - Tulsa:
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In September 2002, the Oklahoma State WIC Program
served 4,323 infants and 7,606 children in Tulsa county.
WIC tracks health risks for specific age groups.
For infants and children in Tulsa county less than 24 months
of age, 7.6% were at risk for weight/height less than or equal
to the 10th percentile.
UNDERWEIGHT: For children age 2 to 5 years in Tulsa
county, 5.3% were at risk for a BMI less than or equal to the
10th percentile.
OVERWEIGHT : For children ages 2 to 5 years in Tulsa
county, 12.5% were at risk for a BMI greater than or equal
to the 95th percentile
Introduction
 Scopes: The purpose of the program is to provide
supplemental foods and nutrition education through
payment of cash grants to state agencies, which
administer the program through local agencies at no cost
to eligible persons.
 The program is intended to serve as an adjunct to good
health care during critical times of growth and
development, also can help prevent medical and
developmental problems.
 In addition, WIC was designed to supplement the Food
Stamp Program and other programs that distribute foods
to needy families.
Introduction
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Benefits: WIC program has been an important source of
nutrition education, supplemental food, and health care referrals
for low-income women during and after pregnancy and for infants
and children up to age 5 years in the United States.
 Also WIC program decreases the incidence of iron deficiency
anemia in children and contributed to reduce fetal deaths and
infant mortality.
 Additionally, WIC help get children ready to start school: children
who receive WIC benefits demonstrate improved intellectual
development.
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Breastfeeding promotion and support are important components of
the WIC program. WIC is effective in improving the health of
pregnant women, new mothers, and their infants.
Topics
 Introduction to WIC
 WIC Eligibility Requirements
 WIC Food Package and Target Nutrients
 WIC Infant Formula Rebate System
 WIC Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program
 Cost of WIC Program
 Conclusions
WIC Eligibility Requirements
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Eligibility Criteria: To qualify for WIC, applicants must be
either
– pregnant woman, a non-breast-feeding women up to 6 months
postpartum
– breast-feeding woman up to 1 year postpartum
– infants under 1 year of age
– children up to the fifth birthday.
The eligibility criteria for individuals include household income,
state residency and individual’s nutritional risk status.
To meet WIC Program income requirements, applicants must have
family income at or below 185 percent of the U.S. poverty guidelines or
participate in the Food Stamp, Medicaid, or Temporary Assistance for
Needy Families (TANF) Programs.
WIC Eligibility Requirements
Table 1. WIC Income Eligibility Guidelines*
July 1, 2002–June 30, 2003
Family
Annual
Monthly
Twice
Size
Income
Income
Monthly
Weekly
Biweekly
Income
1
16,391
1,366
683
631
316
2
22,089
1,841
921
850
425
3
27,787
2,316
1,158
1,069
535
4
33,485
2,791
1,396
1,288
644
5
39,183
3,266
1,633
1,508
754
44,881
3,741
1,871
1,727
6
864
WIC Eligibility Requirements
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Eligibility Criteria: In addition to the income criteria, WIC
participants must meet nutritional risk standards. Two major types
of nutritional risk are recognized for WIC eligibility:
– Medically based risk such as anemia, underweight, maternal
age, history of pregnancy complications, or poor pregnancy
outcomes are designated as “high priority”.
– Diet-based risk such as inadequate dietary pattern are rated as
lower priority risk.
– Nutritional risk is evaluated by a health professional such as a
physician, nutritionist, or nurse based on Federal guidelines. At
a minimum, the applicant’s height and weight must be
measured and blood test taken to check for anemia. This health
screening is free to program applicants.
Topics
 Introduction to WIC
 WIC Eligibility Requirements
 WIC Food Package and Target Nutrients
 WIC Infant Formula Rebate System
 WIC Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program
 Cost of WIC Program
 Conclusions
Food Package and Target Nutrients
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Food Package: Most WIC participants receive checks,
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vouchers, or electronic benefits transfer (EBT) cards each month
that allow them to purchase a monthly food package designed to
supplement their diets.
WIC provides foods that are high in target nutrients such as
protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins A and C. These nutrients are
frequently lacking in the diets of the program’s low-income target
groups, which may result in adverse health consequences.
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Dietary Products : WIC foods include iron-fortified infant
formula and infant cereal, iron-fortified adult cereal, infant and
adult 100% juices, vitamin C-rich fruit and vegetable juices, eggs,
milk, cheese, peanut butter, dried beans, and peas. Tuna fish and
carrots are additional to the enhanced food package for breastfeeding women whose infants are not receiving formula from WIC
Food Package and Target Nutrients
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Target Groups: There are seven WIC food packages designed
for different target groups:
 Package I is for infants 0 to 3 months old
 Package II for infants 4 up to 12 months old
 Package III for women and children with special dietary needs
 Package IV for children 1-4 years old
 Package V for pregnant and breast-feeding women
 Package VI for postpartum women who are not breast-feeding,
 Package VII for breast-feeding women whose babies do not
receive formula.
Topics
 Introduction to WIC
 WIC Eligibility Requirements
 WIC Food Package and Target Nutrients
 WIC Infant Formula Rebate System
 WIC Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program
 Cost of WIC Program
 Conclusions
Infant Formula Rebate System
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Infant Formula: Mothers participating in WIC are strongly
encouraged to breast-feed their infants if possible.
 However, state WIC Agencies will provide formula to mothers
who choose to use it. WIC state agencies are required by law to
have competitively-bid infant formula rebate contracts with infant
formula manufacturers. This means a WIC state agency agrees to
provide one brand of infant formula to its participants and in
return receives money back, called a rebate, from the manufacturer
for each can of infant formula that is purchased by WIC
participants
 Cost-Effective Program: The WIC Program gets back over a
billion dollars each year from infant formula manufacturers. From
October 2000 to September 2001, infant formula manufacturers
gave nearly $1.5 billion back to WIC State agencies and this
money was used to serve about 2.1 million additional eligible
women, infants and children .
Topics
 Introduction to WIC
 WIC Eligibility Requirements
 WIC Food Package and Target Nutrients
 WIC Infant Formula Rebate System
 WIC Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program
 Cost of WIC Program
 Conclusions
Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program
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FMNP: The Congress established the WIC FMNP in July
1992. This program provides additional coupons to WIC
participants, which they can use to purchase fresh fruits and
vegetables at participant farmers’ markets. Operated in 35
States, including the District of Columbia, Guam and 4 Indian
Tribal Organizations
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Program Goals :
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Improve the diet and health of WIC participants who are at
nutritional risk
Supplement the income of small farmers.
Topics
 Introduction to WIC
 WIC Eligibility Requirements
 WIC Food Package and Target Nutrients
 WIC Infant Formula Rebate System
 WIC Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program
 Cost of WIC Program
 Conclusions
Cost of WIC Program
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Congress Grant: The number of women, infants, and
children who can participate in WIC each year depends on the
annual appropriation by Congress and the cost of operating the
program
Cost Comparison :
WIC program cost $10.4 million in 1974; $727.7 million in
1980; $1.5 billion in 1985; $2.1 billion in 1990 and $3.9 billion
in 1999.
However, WIC accounts for almost 12 percent of total Federal
Government expenditures for food and nutrition assistance.
In the year 2002, Congress appropriated $4.387 billion for WIC
and this funding includes $10 million for the WIC Farmers’
Market Nutrition Program
Participation-Growth Analysis
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Hispanic Participation: As can be seen from
participation growth plot per states. Even though, there are not
enough reports about different race participation in WIC
program available.
Larger Growth Rate of Participation are Present in States with
High Population Density of Hispanic Communities as
Comparing with Others States with lower Hispanic Ratio
One Can Say that Hispanic Families has taking benefit of this
successful program.
From Personal Observation as WIC Volunteer Confirm High
Participation of Hispanic Families in Tulsa, as well.
Conclusions
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Conclusions
– The outcome of the studies performed by the FNS and non-
government agencies conclude that WIC has become one of
America’s most successful and cost-effective nutrition
intervention programs.
– Since its foundation, the WIC program has gained the
position of becoming one of the most primary federally
funded nutrition programs in the U.S. A collection of
researched evidence, revised information, and up to date
reports show the cost effectiveness of the WIC Program by
protecting and improving the health/nutritional status of
women, infants and children of low income means.
Conclusions
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Final Remarks
– The final remarks of the importance of the WIC
program is that alongside of providing health care and
supplemental food for women, infants and children, it has
also been an important source of education.
– WIC has demonstrated the power of education and the
information to reach and encourage low-income parents to
participate in the program (as it is demonstrated by
statistics).
– The nutritionist role during this process is to inform and
educate parents about WIC program and explain to them
the importance of the health benefits that a good nutrition at
early age can offer, beside of the economic reimbursement
to the family, as well. Stimulating program for
breastfeeding during pregnancy.
References
– Blair B, Davidson D, Dembeck C, Robb K, Kauffman T. Bush’s Request-–
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Agency by Agency, Federal Times, 2002; 38: 10.
American Academy of Pediatrics. WIC Program. Pediatrics, Nov2001, Vol. 108
Issue 5, p1216, 2p
Bogo J. The Whole Package. The Environmental Magazine. 2000; 11: 22.
Carrie, Ceman: Oklahoma State Department of Health, WIC Program, personal
communication, 2002.
Oliveira V, Gundersen C. WIC Increases the Nutrient Intake of Children. Food
Review. 2001; 24: 27.
Henchy G, Weill J, Parker L. WIC in the States: Twenty-Five Years of Building
a Healthier America. September 1, 1999.
Robertson RE. Food Assistance: WIC Faces Challenges in Providing Nutrition
Services, FDCH Government Account Reports, 2001.
US General Accounting Office, “Early Intervention: Federal investments Like
WIC Can Produce Savings,” Document HRD 92-18, Washington, D.C., April
1992.
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Questions?