Transcript Financial Accounting and Accounting Standards
Slide 8-1 Financial Accounting, Seventh Edition
Chapter
8
Accounting for Receivables
Types of Receivables
Amounts due from individuals and other companies that are expected to be collected in cash.
Amounts owed by customers that result from the sale of goods and services.
Claims for which formal instruments of credit are issued as proof of debt .
Accounts Receivable Notes Receivable
“Nontrade” (interest, loans to officers, advances to employees, and income taxes refundable).
Other Receivables Slide 8-2
Slide 8-3
Accounts Receivable
Three accounting issues:
1.
2.
3.
Recognizing
accounts receivable.
Valuing
accounts receivable.
Disposing of
accounts receivable.
Recognizing Accounts Receivable
Illustration:
Assume that on March 1, 2013, Terps Company sells merchandise on account to UVA Company for $1,000, with terms 1/10, n/30. The cost of the merchandise was $700. Prepare the journal entry/entries to record this transaction on the books of Terps Company.
Slide 8-4
Recognizing Accounts Receivable
Illustration:
On March 5, UVA Company returns defective merchandise worth $100 to Terps Company. Prepare the journal entry for Terps Company.
Illustration:
On Mar 10, Terps Company receives payment from UVA Company for the balance due. Prepare the journal entry for Terps Company.
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Slide 8-6
Accounts Receivable
Valuing Accounts Receivables
Are reported as a current asset on the balance sheet.
Are reported at the amount the company thinks they will be able to collect.
Sales on account raise the possibility of accounts not being collected. Valuation can be difficult because an unknown amount of receivables will become uncollectible.
Valuing Accounts Receivable
Some customers may not pay their account. Uncollectible amounts are referred to as bad debts. When an account receivable becomes uncollectible, a firm incurs a bad debt expense.
There are two methods of dealing with bad debts expense: Slide 8-7
Direct Write-Off Method Allowance Method
Valuing Accounts Receivable
Methods of Accounting for Uncollectible Accounts Direct Write-Off
Theoretically undesirable: Violates matching principle.
Receivable not stated at net realizable value.
Not acceptable for financial reporting (violates GAAP).
Slide 8-8 Allowance Method
Losses are estimated: Follows matching principle.
Receivable stated at net realizable value.
Required by GAAP.
Direct Write-Off Method
On March 1, Terps Company determines that they cannot collect $5,000 from Mr. Bad Guy, a credit customer.
Method is objective because bad debt expense is written off at the time it proves to be uncollectible.
Slide 8-9
Direct Write-off versus Allowance Method
The Direct Write-off Method is a violation of GAAP. WHY?
Slide 8-10 Matching Principle requires expenses to be reported in the same accounting period as the revenue they help to generate.
Allowance Method
At the end of each period, a company estimates total bad debts expected to be realized from that period’s sales, based on industry averages or its past experience. This is done by using an Allowance for Doubtful Accounts - this is a contra asset account that is offset against Accounts Receivable on the balance sheet.
2.
There are two advantages to the allowance method: 1.
It records estimated bad debts expense in the period when the related sales are recorded.
It reports accounts receivable on the balance sheet at the estimated amount of cash to be collected.
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Recording Estimated Uncollectibles
At the end of its first year of operations, Terps Company estimates that $12,000 of it accounts receivable will prove uncollectible. The total accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2012, is $300,000.Prepare the appropriate journal entry.
Slide 8-12
Recording Estimated Uncollectibles
At the end of its first year of operations, Terps Company estimates that $12,000 of it accounts receivable will prove uncollectible. The total accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2012, is $300,000.How would this be reported in the balance sheet of Terps Company?
Slide 8-13
Let us do some financial analysis
Compare the partial balance sheets of the following 2 companies and determine which company manages Accounts Receivables better Company A Company B Accounts Receivable Less: Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Net Accounts Receivable 6,260 million (323 million) 6,843 million (690 million) $5,937 million $6,153 million Slide 8-14
Valuing Accounts Receivable
Recording the Actual Write-Off of an Uncollectible Account:
Assume that on March 1, 2013, Terps Company decided to write off a $5,000 balance owed by Mr. Bad Guy. The entry to record the write-off is:
Slide 8-15
Valuing Accounts Receivable
Recording the Write-Off of an Uncollectible Account:
The write-off affects only balance sheet accounts.
Slide 8-16
Valuing Accounts Receivable
Recovery of an Uncollectible Account:
Assume that on July 1, Mr. Bad Guy pays the $5,000 amount that UMD Company had written off on March 1. Record the transaction:
How often does a company recover previously written off bad debts?
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Estimating Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Two Methods
1. Percent of Sales Method 2. Percent of Accounts Receivable Method
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Valuing Accounts Receivable
Bases Used for Allowance Method
Slide 8-20
Percentage of Sales Method
Bad debts expense is computed as a straight percentage of the current year’s credit sales. The percentage is based on prior years’ experience, modified for changes in current year. Any existing balance in the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts is NOT considered in calculating Bad Debts Expense.
Current Period Sales × Bad Debt % = Estimated Bad Debts Expense
Slide 8-21
Percentage of Sales Method
Terps company has net credit sales of $800,000 in 2012. Management estimates 1.0% of credit sales will eventually prove uncollectible.
What is the journal entry to record Bad Debts Expense on Dec 31, 2012?
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Percentage of sales Method Percentage-of-Sales
Emphasizes the matching of expenses with revenues. When the company makes the adjusting entry, it disregards the existing balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts.
Percentage of Receivables Method
Compute the estimate of the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts.
Year-end Accounts Receivable × Bad Debt %
Bad Debts Expense is computed as: Slide 8-23 = Estimated Adjusted Balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Unadjusted Year-End Balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Estimated Bad Debts Expense
Slide 8-24
Aging of Receivables Method
Year-end Accounts Receivable is broken down into age classifications.
Each age grouping has a different likelihood of being uncollectible.
Compute a separate allowance for each age grouping.
Aging of Receivables Method
Terps Company Schedule of Accounts Receivable by Age Days Past Due December 31, 2010 Accounts Receivable
Percent Balance Uncollectible Not Yet Due $ 64,500 1%
Estimated Uncollectible Amount $ 645 1 - 30 Days Past Due 31 - 60 Days Past Due 61 - 90 Days Past Due Over 90 Days Past Due 18,500 10,000 3,900 3,100 3% 7% 40% 60% 555 700 1,560 1,860 $ 100,000 $ 5,320 Slide 8-25
Percentage of Receivables Method
The unadjusted balance in the allowance account is $900.
We estimated the proper balance to be $5,320.
Slide 8-26
Occasionally the allowance account will have a debit balance prior to adjustment.
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Knowledge Check Question 1: The two methods of accounting for bad debts are the direct write-off method and the allowance method. When comparing the two, which of the following is true?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The direct write-off method is exact and also better illustrates the matching principle.
The allowance method is less exact, but it better illustrates the matching principle.
The direct write-off method is theoretically superior.
The direct write-off method requires two separate entries to write off an uncollectible account.
Comprehensive Example: Terps Company
Slide 8-28 On Dec 31, 2012, the Accounts Receivable balance of Terps Company is $42,300. Also, the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a balance of $2,300 on December 31, 2011. Historically, 10 percent of the accounts receivable balance is not collected. During the year 2012, Terps Company wrote off $2,700 of uncollectible accounts. What is the adjusting journal entry on December 31, 2012?
Slide 8-29
Comprehensive Example: Terps Company
Slide 8-30
Valuing Accounts Receivable
Summary Percentage of Sales
approach: Focus on “Bad debt expense” estimate, existing balance in the allowance account is ignored. Method achieves a matching of expense and revenues.
Percentage of Receivables
approach: Accurate valuation of receivables on the balance sheet. Method may also be applied using an aging schedule. Existing balance in allowance account considered.
Knowledge Check Question 2: A company used the percent of sales method to determine its bad debts expense. At the end of the current year, the company's unadjusted trial balance reported the following selected amounts: Accounts receivable Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 300 credit Net Sales $ 245,000 debit $ 900,000 credit All sales are made on credit. Based on past experience, the company estimates 0.5% of credit sales to be uncollectible. What amount should be debited to Bad Debts Expense when the year-end adjusting entry is prepared?
1.
2.
3.
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8-31 $4,200 $1,225 $45,000 $4,500
Knowledge Check Question 3: On December 31 of the current year, a company's unadjusted trial balance included the following: Accounts Receivable, debit balance of $97,250; Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, credit balance of $951.
What amount should be debited to Bad Debts Expense, assuming 6% of outstanding accounts receivable at the end of the current year will be uncollectible?
1.
2.
3.
Slide 8-32 4.
$3,992. $4,884. $5,835. $6,786.
Slide 8-33
Accounts Receivable
Disposing of Accounts Receivable Companies sell receivables for two major reasons.
1.
2.
Receivables may be the only reasonable source of cash.
Billing and collection are often time-consuming and costly.
Disposing of Accounts Receivable
Sale of Receivables
A
factor
buys receivables from businesses and then collects the payments directly from the customers.
Typically the factor charges a commission to the company that is selling the receivables.
The fee depends on the ‘credit quality’ of the receivables purchased.
Slide 8-34 CREDIT QUALITY OF RECEIVABLES
FICO Score 700 and above FICO Score of 600 to 699 FICO SCORE below 600 Total Nondelinquent accounts Delinquent accounts (30 days past due) Period end gross credit card receivables $2,819 2,737 868 $6,424 419 $6,843
Disposing of Accounts Receivable
Illustration:
Company.
Assume that Terps Company factors $600,000 of receivables to Federal Factors. Federal Factors assesses a service charge of 10% of the amount of receivables sold. Record the journal entry to record the sale by Terps
Slide 8-35
Bank Credit Card Sales
Retailer considers bank credit card (such as VISA/Mastercard/Discover) sales the same as cash sales. Retailer must pay card issuer a fee of 2 to 4% for processing the transactions.
Retailer records the sale in a similar manner as checks deposited from cash sale.
Terps Company has a bank credit card sale of $500 to a customer. The bank charges a processing fee of 3%. Record the transaction.
Slide 8-36
Knowledge Check: On October 18 of the current year, a company concluded that a customer's $4,400 account receivable was uncollectible and that the account should be written off. What effect will this write-off have on this company's net income and total assets assuming the allowance method is used to account for bad debts?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Slide 8-37 Decrease in net income; decrease in total assets. Increase in net income; no effect on total assets. No effect on net income; no effect on total assets.
No effect on net income; decrease in total assets.
Statement Presentation and Analysis
Accounts Receivable Turnover
measures the number of times on average the company collects accounts receivables during the period.
Accounts Receivable Turnover
= Net Credit Sales Average Net Accounts Receivable
Slide 8-38 Average Collection Period in Days
collect its accounts receivable measures the average number of days the company takes to Days in Year (365)
Average Collection Period in Days
= Accounts Receivable Turnover
Slide 8-39
Statement Presentation and Analysis
Illustration:
In its Balance Sheet, Target Corporation reported a beginning balance of credit card receivables of $5,927 million, and ending balance of $6,153 million. Target’s net sales revenue for the year was $68,466 million. Determine the accounts receivable turnover for Target Corporation.
Let us analyze Target Corporation’s Bad Debts Expense
(in millions $) 2011 2010 2009 690 1,016 1,010 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts at the beginning of period Allowance for Doubtful Accounts at the end of period Write offs of delinquent accounts 430 572 690 1,007 1,016 1,287 Recoveries of previously written off accounts Bad Debts Expense 152 ?
153 ?
108 ?
Slide 8-40
Let us analyze Target Corporation’s Bad Debts Expense
(in millions $) 2011 2010 2009 690 1,016 1,010 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts at the beginning of period Allowance for Doubtful Accounts at the end of period Write offs of delinquent accounts 430 572 690 1,007 1,016 1,287 Recoveries of previously written off accounts Bad Debts Expense 158 154 153 528 108 1,185 Slide 8-41
Shifting Income
Allowance account sometimes used by managers to shift income from one year into another Cookie jar reserve is created
42 2011 2012
Slide 8-42
Bad debt expense overestimated in 2011 creating a bigger expense Less bad debt expense required during 2012 to show higher profits
The following data was reported by WALMART, VERIZON and Johnson & Johnson.
Sales Revenue Accounts Receivable, Ending Balance Accounts Receivable, Beg. Balance Accounts Receivable Turnover Average Collection
Slide 8-43
Period $ 446,950 $ 5,089 $ 5,937 81.07
4.5 days $110,875 $11,776 $ 11,781 9.41
38.79 days $65,030 $ 10,581 $ 9,774 6.39
57.12 days
Slide 8-44