Rose Piscitelli, Shannon Bissel, Taylor Stickles, and Mary Verneris

      Became president in 1901 when he was 43 years old Embraced Progressive ideals Reputation for being smart, energetic, and opinionated He was a sickly child Graduated with honors from Harvard ◦ President of New York City’s Board of Police Commissioners Gained fame by fighting corruption

     Named Assistant Secretary of the Navy When the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898, Roosevelt resigned the post to form the Rough Riders, a volunteer cavalry unit that became famous during the war After war he was elected governor of New York Was McKinley’s running mate in the election ◦ McKinley was assassinated and Roosevelt became president Roosevelt greatly expanded the power of the President

   Square Deal: President Theodore Roosevelt’s program of reforms to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners ◦ It is compared to a hand of cards The president and his administration earned the reputation as “trustbusters” ◦ ◦ Broke up trusts that he thought were bad Trust: group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board in order to form a monopoly. He saw a difference between “good” and “bad trusts”

  ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Hepburn Act 1906 gave the government the authority to set railroad rates and maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce wasn’t enforced until Roosevelt came into office

     1906 Upton Sinclair Wrote about the unhealthy, filthy conditions in meat packaging plants ◦ Revolted the public ◦ Infuriated the President Roosevelt encouraged Congress to pass the Meat inspection act ◦ Allowed the federal government to inspect meat sold across state lines ◦ ◦ Required federal inspection of meat processing plants Government can force mat packer to pull off of shelves before many people become sick Lasting result of Progressives’ insistence that the government take responsibility for food safety

     1906 Allowed federal inspection of food and medicine Banned the interstate shipment and sale of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs ◦ FDA still enforces this law Before sale, a drug must be tested and approved by the FDA Makes sure people are not hurt by dangerous substances or dishonest labels

     Naturalist John Muir led Congress to Create Yosemite National Park (1890) ◦ Said all wild areas should be preserved ◦ Roosevelt disagreed  Some held valuable resources that should be used Congress gave the President the power to protect Timberlands by setting aside lands as national forests Roosevelt closed over 100 acres of forest land Drew up lands for both using and conserving forests Used ideas of Griffon Pinchot ◦ Forests should be preserved for public use  Trees should be protected to have time to mature into good lumber   Then logged for wood to build houses and new areas under protection Dominated American policies towards natural resources

       Bitter fights over water rights 1902 Gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed build and manage dams that would create reservoirs, generate power, and direct water flow Made water in one state available to farmers in other states Created huge lakes where there were dry canyons Hoover Dam on the Colorado River

   Roosevelt left the presidency after two terms Helped secretary of War William Howard Taft win the presidency in 1908 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Expected Taft to continue his programs but Taft had an agenda of his own Did not lower tariffs Encouraged an income tax Dropped Roosevelt's distinction between good trusts and bad trusts Supported "rule of reason“ (allowing of big monopolies) Fired Gifford Pinchot

       Roosevelt began traveling the country speaking about "New Nationalism" New Nationalism- a program to restore the governments trust-busting power. Vowed to tackle the trusts in a third presidential term Taft-Roosevelt battle split the Republican Party Progressives from the Republican Party set up the Progressive Party for the 1912 election Progressive Party= Roosevelt Republican Party= Taft

     Split in the Republican Party created opportunity for the Democrats Woodrow Wilson=-governor of New Jersey Democratic Candidate for the 1912 election ◦ ◦ ◦ Wilson shaped his ideas into a new program he called “New Freedom” New Freedom Similar to Roosevelt's New Nationalism Strict government controls on corporations Provide more opportunities and more freedom for small businesses

     Attacked the “Triple Wall of Privilege”- tariffs, banks, and trusts Passed the Sixteenth Amendment- gave congress the authority to levy an income tax Congress lowers tariffs on goods imported from foreign countries Passed the Underwood Tariff Bill which cut taxes The Underwood Tariff Act of 1913- created a graduated income tax (wealthy people pay a higher percentage of their income than the poor do)

      1913 Law that placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve board which set up regional banks to hold the reserve funds from commercial banks Helps protect the American economy from having too much money end up in the hands of one person, region, or bank Sets the interest rate that banks pay to borrow money from other banks Supervises banks to make sure they’re well run Most important piece of economic legislation before the 1930s

   ◦ ◦ 1914 Federal Trade Commission Wilson persuaded Congress to make it Group named by the President to monitor business practices that might lead to monopoly Watched out for false advertising and dishonest labeling ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Clayton Antitrust Act Strengthened earlier antitrust laws by regulating the activities businesses could engage in Protect businesses and consumers from abusive business practices Still in effect today Regulates buying on the Internet

      Fall 1913 Coal miners in Ludlow, CA demanded the right to form a union, safer conditions, and higher pay The coal company refused, so they walked off the job Had to live in tents near the mines April 20, 1914 Colorado National Guard opened fire and set the tents on fire ◦ About 26 people killed Wilson set federal troops to restore order and break up the strike

    Paved the way for future trends in the American political system Federal government grew to offer more protection to Americans’ private lives while gaining more control over other peoples’ lives Current economy showcases strength of the Progressives’ legacy Expanded government’s role in managing natural resources