Transcript Biology EOC review

Biology EOC review
answers
Ch 1: scientific method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
D
D
B
C
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. A
10. D
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
C
C
B
C
C
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
D
B
D
D
B
21. A . State the problem (in question form)
B. Collect information about the problem
C. Form a hypothesis (a possible answer) ( must be
testable)
D. Design and conduct an experiment (use an
experimental group with a variable, and a control group
without the variable.)
E. Record observations and data
F. Check results; redo experiment as needed
G. Draw your conclusions (accept or reject hypothesis)
H. Communicate your results.
22. Hypothesis is a possible answer, or an educated guess.
Theory is a general statement supported by many
scientific observations and experiments, and
represents the most logical explanation of the evidence.
23. A research plan is necessary before testing a
hypothesis to ensure that there is only one
variable, and that there are valid controls.
24. A clear statement of a hypothesis is important
because it could lead to the answer of a
question.
25. A scientist can collect and organize data in
tables, charts, and graphs
26. The results of one experiment cannot become
a theory; a theory must be supported by
MANY experiments and observations.
27. B
28.
control group: solution with no salt
experimental group 1 5% salt
experimental group 2 10% salt
experimental group 3 15% salt
two conditions constant: water temperature,
number of shrimp, amount of solution in
containers
29. C (D)
30. C
31. -hypothesis: if we grow the plants in acidic
soil, they will be a different color.
-The control group will be grown in (normal)
slightly basic soil.
-Both the experimental and control groups
should be in the same amount of soil,
should receive the same amounts of
water and sunlight.
-one piece of evidence supporting my
hypothesis would be flowers that were
a color (not white)
32. Corn seedlings are only one type of plant, so to
make generalizations about plants, many types
should be studied.
33. It is important to include all steps of an experiment so
that other researchers can repeat it and verify the
results
34. A hypothesis should be changed whenever new,
conflicting information is found
35. Charles Darwin kept a journal so that he could keep
track of all details and data, as well as new ideas.
36. -Question: can seeds travel long distances in the ocean
and still able to grow?
-Hypothesis: If I soak seeds in salt water, and then
plant them, they will grow.
-Experiment: he soaked many different kinds of seeds,
for short and long periods of time, and then planted
them.
Chapter 2: Laboratory tools and
techniques
1. C
2.
3.
4.
5.
B
B
D
B
6.D
7.C
8.D
9.C
10.D
11.D
12.D
13.D
16.A (and B)
14.A
17.A
15.C (A) 18.A
19.D
20.B
21. C
22. C
23. A
24. D
25. A 10-ml graduated cylinder, should be read at
eye-level, to the bottom of the meniscus
26. Measurements are useful for accuracy so
reliable, valid, information can be obtained
and analyzed to draw conclusions.
27. Scientists use tools and instruments to
improve the accuracy of their observations.
28. A. Use a medicine dropper to place a drop of
water on the slide.
B. Use the medicine dropper to place the
specimen into the water on the slide.
C. Gently lower a coverslip, one edge down at
a 45-degree angle first
D. Add a drop of stain at one edge , and draw
it through with a piece of paper towel.
29. Similarities: both are used to magnify
images more than 250,000 times, and they
use electron beams and magnetic lenses.
Differences: the TEM passes beams
through a specimen. The SEM passes
beams over the surface.
30.
volume: liters
temperature: degrees Celsius
mass: kilograms
length: meters
31. (safety rules)
32. They could rub a piece of each food on a piece
of brown paper bag and look for grease.
33. Scientists have used electron microscopes to
see much smaller objects.
34. Both types of microscopes are used to magnify
small objects. Light microscopes can be used
to see living objects; electron microscopes can
be used to see much smaller objects, because
no light is involved.
35. Don’t bother.
Ch 3: Organic Molecules: from
Atoms to Cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B
D
B
A
D
B
C
8. D
9. B
10. A
11. A
12. C
13. A
14. A
15. B
16. B
17. B
18. A
19. B
20. D
21. B
22. To maintain high levels of organization
necessary to stay alive, organisms require
energy.
23. Carbon is of special importance to living things
because organic compounds are built on a
“skeleton” or framework of carbon atoms.
24. Four important functions of organic
compounds are: capturing and transforming
energy, building new structures, storing
materials, and repairing structures.
25. Athletes need lots of complex carbohydrates
during training to supply energy.
26. C
27. B
28. They have different amino acid sequences, and
different conformations.
29. C
30. Three important characteristics of proteins:
a. Made of subunits called amino acids
b. Main functions are to build new materials, transport
substances, send signals, provide defense, control
chemical and metabolic activities
c. Structure and function is determined by the
sequence of the amino acids, and the conformation
(shape) of the molecule.
31. The particular proteins in our body depend
upon our DNA, because the nucleotide
sequence determines those proteins.
32. Tissues are groups of cells, such as nervous
tissue that is made up of nerve cells or
neurons. Organs are made of tissues working
together, such as the brain which is made of
nervous, blood, and connective tissues.
33. Main levels of organization:
atoms, molecules, organic compounds,
organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ
systems, organisms.
34. Evolution explains the problems with weight loss in
that a favorable adaptation would be the ability for a
person’s metabolism to slow down when facing
starvation. Also, a person whose fat cells have been
emptied will feel hunger and try to “fill them up” again.
34. Exercise is a healthier way to lose weight because it
increases the amount of energy used by the body. It
also increases the amount of muscle tissue, which
burns more calories than other types of body tissues
even when resting.
34. Anorexia and bulemia both are both eating disorders
that result in severe weight loss, which may be fatal.
Anorexia is a refusal to eat, whereas bulemics eat and
then eliminate the food. Anorexics appear unhealthy,
while bulemics may appear healthy.
Chapter 4: Homeostasis and
Enzymes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
B
B
A
A
A
B
D
A
9. A
10. A
11. B
12. D
13. A
14. C
15. A
16. B
17. A
18. C
19. B
20. C
21. B
22. A
23. C
24. ribosomes: where proteins are built
lysosomes: break down food
mitochondria: release energy from food
nucleus: information storage, control center
golgi apparatus: packages many materials
vacuoles: store materials such as food or
waste
chloroplasts: convert sun’s energy into food
25. The cell membrane is selectively permeable
because it allows some substances to pass
through but not others.
This is important because cells need certain
molecules inside but some should be kept outside.
26. Arrow A shows molecules going from an area
of less concentration to an area of greater
concentration, which is active transport because
energy is needed to go against the
concentration gradient. Passive transport is
different in that it doesn’t need energy.
27. Receptor molecules, proteins on the surface
of a cell membrane, allow certain molecules to
attach (chemical messengers) thereby enabling
communication between cells.
28. Stability in an organism is maintained by
integration or making all body parts work
together, and control or acting in an organized
and appropriate manner. In animals, this job is
done by the nervous system and the endocrine
system.
29. Cells communicate with each other by having
certain chemicals move in or out of them.
Receptor proteins in the cell membrane act as
docking sites for these chemicals.
30. Every nerve cell does 3 things; it receives,
conducts, and sends nerve impulses.
31. A nerve impulse is the movement of electrical
voltage (energy) changes along the length of a
neuron. The cell membrane is the most
important part of this because electrical voltage
is created by the rapid movement of positive ions
across a cell membrane. These changes trigger
changes further along the membrane.
32. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of a
neuron, it causes the release of chemicals, which
diffuse across the space to the next cell (the
synapse) to the next nerve cell, which causes the
impulse to be carried along.
33.
34. The energy stored in chemical bonds can
be transferred to other newly formed
chemical bonds or released as heat or
light. Cells use this energy for active
transport, heat, or other cell functions.
35. If a cell’s mitochondria were removed, it
would not be able to release energy from
food molecules
36. The spleen was removed to cure leukemia
36. The pancreatic tissues were used for
research; they produced a certain protein
which was later used to make a new
medicine.
36. The legal system was used to determine
whose rights should have precedence,
those of the cell-donor or the researchers.
Chapter 5: Homeostasis and
Enzymes
1.
2.
3.
4.
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6.
7.
8.
C
C
A
B
D
C
C
B
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
D
C
B
C
B
B
B
B
D
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
A
D
C
B
D
C
B
B
A
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
A
C
C
D
C
C
B
A
35. Being multicellular increses and organism’s
ability to maintain homeostasis and survive
because it has many different structures and
systems to protect it from external changes.
36. A body cell will be more likely to survive than an
amoeba because the body cell is multicellular.
37. Intercellular fluid is important for homeostasis
because many substances are dissolved in it,
and it allows substances to be exchanged
between cells and blood in the capillaries.
38. B
39. A feedback mechanism has 3 parts:
•
a sensor – something that can detect a change
•
a control unit – something that can recognize the
correct level of something
•
an effector-something that can make changes
40.
•
•
•
•
•
Blood sugar level is too high
pancreas releases insulin (hormone) into blood stream
insulin reduces levels of glucose
blood sugar levels are too low
pancreas releases glucagon to raise blood sugar levels
41. When we exercise, there is an increase in the CO2 levels
in the blood and intercellular fluid, released by muscle
cells breaking down organic compounds for energy. A
structure in the brain detects these increased levels in the
blood passing through the brain, and in the fluid around
the brain cells. The brain sends signals to the chest to
increase the rate of breathing and the amount of air taken
in with each breath. These changes increase the levels
of gas exchange in the lungs, lowering the levels of CO2
in the blood. These lower levels are then detected in the
brain, reversing the other responses.
42. D
*43. Rising external temperatures will be detected by sensors
in the skin, which will send a message to the brain, which
will increase blood vessel dilation and sweating.
Homeostasis means that the body must maintain
constant internal temperatures, regardless of what is
happening outside the body.
44. Staying in the shade prevents the body from
heating up too much in the sun.
45. Stomata, or openings, surrounded by guard
cells on the surface of a leaf, control the loss of
water. When water is abundant, the guard cells
fill (by osmosis) and open to allow water to
evaporate. When water is scarce, they lose
water, and close, preventing water loss.
46. Contractile vacuoles and guard cells both help
maintain levels of water within organisms.
47. Four organ systems used in homeostasis:
• Excretory system: removes wastes and
regulates the chemistry of the body’s fluids
• Nervous system: uses electrochemical
impulses to regulate body functions
• Endocrine system: produces hormones
(chemical messengers) that help regulate
bodily functions
• Immune system: defends the body from
dangerous substances and harmful
microorganisms.
48. D
49. If the temperature of the solution was
increased, the rate of the reaction would slow
down, because enzymes need a certain
temperature to function.
50. A person with a high body temperature would
possibly die because enzymes change their
shape if the temperature changes, and
therefore their function.
51. We must maintain a neutral pH because any
changes affect an enzyme’s shape and its
function.
52. Life on the ISS is different from Earth in that
there is no downward pull from gravity. There is
no up or down, no floors or ceilings. Crews live
in a relatively small space, and sleep wherever
they feel comfortable .
53. The effects of weightlessness are interesting to
scientists because we are not aware of our
bodies’ responses to gravity until we leave the
Earth.
54. Some of the adaptations of the body to living in
a world with gravity include use of signals from
our eyes, from the fluid-filled tubes in our ears,
from pressure receptors on the bottoms of our
feet, and from the distribution of liquids in blood
vessels.
Chapter 9: Classification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
B (domain)
D
C
C
C
D
D
B
9. C
17. B
10. B
11. D
12. C
no 13.
14. C
15. C
16. D (domain)
18. Prokaryotes – no nucleus; no organelles
-carry out processes in their cell
membranes, simpler processes
Eukaryotes – nucleus; organelles
-carry out processes in specific
organelles, more complex
19. C
20. Leopard – hair; no organism has hair
before leopard, after it is no tail which
doesn’t describe the leopard
21. A dichotomous key asks pairs of
questions, of which only one applies to
each organism and directs you to the next
question in order to narrow down which
organism has the traits being observed.
Ex.: Leopard: Does it have hair? Or does it
not have hair?
22.Pollen is released into the wind – only
male gamete
Coral release both eggs and sperm into
the water
23. Genetic recombination = variation
24. Amount lost to predation is lessened
Chapter 10: Evolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
D
D
D
C
C
D
B
C
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. A
13. C
14. B
15. D
16. A
17. A
18. B
19. D
20. D
21. C
22. B
23. C
24. D
25. Through genetic variation and natural
selection, new species have developed which
are fit for their environment.
26. There is always competition for resources,
which means that the organisms best adapted
will survive.
27. Variations allow for new traits to develop,
which can lead to evolution of the population
28. Radiation and chemicals, and mistakes in
replication; gametes.
Body cells would not pass on their DNA to
offspring.
29. Water, food, mates. The animals with the
traits that allow them to get the resources
will survive and reproduce, while the
animals without those adaptations will not.
30. D
31. Chromosomes from 2 parents instead of
one increase variation, as well as crossing
over and independent assortment. More
variation means more traits available in
population. Some traits will be
adaptations helping the organism survive.
32. Creates variation in a population.
33. B
34. Natural selection includes the other
three. In order for natural selection to
occur there must be competition (struggle
for existence) and variation in the
population. Also, the environment must
change in order for new traits to be
selected for.
35. In a population, some individuals get
separated and form their own population in
a different location. If the new
environment is different than the original
environment, individuals with the traits
best adapted for the new environment will
survive and reproduce. Ones without
these traits will die off. Eventually, the new
population is different enough from the
original population that they are
reproductively isolated and therefore a
new species.
36. The bacteria that had some immunity to the
antibiotic survived and reproduced and
eventually the population became large enough
to make the patient sick again.
37. B
38. Adaptation: trait that helps an organism survive
in its environment; Speed of cheetahs. Can
chase down its prey.
39. Some insects had the genes to be resistant to
the pesticide. They survived and reproduced.
Eventually the entire population had the genes
to resist the pesticide.
40. Good news: cures bacterial infections
Bad news: Overuse causes antibiotic
resistant strains of bacteria
41. Because it is causing strains of bacteria to
evolve which are resistant to most commonly
used antibiotics. Also, those resistant bacteria
may be found in the food.
42. Natural selection explains that the overuse of
antibiotics causes the resistant bacteria to be
selected for and to reproduce causing more
dangerous infections.
Chapter 11 Evidence for Evolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
D
A
A
C
C
D
7. A
8. D
9. C
10. A
11. A family tree, like an evolutionary
tree, can shows ancestral
relationships.
12. Fossils are usually formed when
sediments bury an organism, and their
remains (hard tissues)are gradually
replaced by minerals. Or, the body of a
plant or animal can form an impression
in soft clay or mud, which hardens.
13. Similarities in the biochemistry of
proteins can be useful in determining
evolutionary relationships because by
studying amino acid sequences
scientists have learned that small
differences show a close relationship.
14. B
15. An “evolutionary bush” would be a better way
to diagram an evolutionary path because there
is rarely a straight lineage. Organisms often
evolve differently, as in the adaptive radiation
of the Galapagos finches.
16. C
17. A vestigial structure suggests that an ancestor
having the structure would have used it. ie.
Appendix
18. D
19. Natural selection would explain the change in
percentage of each color moth. As the
environment changed, different colors would
be selected (eaten).
20. C
21. Galapagos finches moved to different islands, with
different climates and food supplies. Individuals
having traits that were helpful to each particular
environment survived and reproduced.
22. B
23. B
24. DNA nucleotide sequence is important all organisms
store genetic information in DNA. The similarities in
DNA sequences show close relationships.
25. Mitochondrial DNA comes only from your mother.
26. Scientists have used mtDNA to study the origins of
human history.
27. Mitochondrial Eve has been shown to be the ancestor
of all humans alive today, but scientists differ on her
age. Mungo man has no mtDNA relationship to
Mitochondrial Eve, which has raised new questions
about human origins.
Chap 12: Mechanisms of Evolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A
B
C
A
B
B
D
8. D
•
•
•
•
•
•
C
B
D
D
C
A
15. Evolution happens in response to changes in the
environment, so since the environment is always
changing, evolution is ongoing.
16. B
17. The adaptive value is determined by how helpful an
adaptation is to survival. For example, dark color of
moths is not an adaptation unless the forest tree trunks
have been darkened by soot.
18. Penguins that had the characteristic of liking to huddle
together would tend to live longer and produce more
offspring, who would also probably have the trait. Over
time, most penguins have this behavior.
19. See # 18.
20. A
21. B
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
C
C
A
B
Organisms having variations that help them
survive will survive and pass on their traits to
the next generation. If environmental
conditions change, organisms having helpful
traits will survive, and over time the species
will change. Environmental changes are
usually gradual. However, if the changes are
in the nature of a catastrophe, such as a
meteorite or flood, there is not enough time for
any evolution to occur. For example, the
wooly mammoths died because there was no
food.
27. Farmers do not like prairie dogs because
they interfere with the planting of crops.
Ranchers don’t like them because their
tunnels could cause grazing animals to
fall and break legs. Black-footed ferrets
eat prairie dogs, but when prairie dogs
are poisoned, the ferrets die too.
28. In 1987 scientists captured the 18 ferrets
to breed them and re-populate the area.
29. If prairie dogs are protected, there will be
a poison-free source of food for ferrets.
Chap 13: DNA and heredity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B
D
B
C
C
D
C
8. B
9. B
10. B
11. A
12. A
13. C
14. D
15. A
16. B
17. C
18. A
19. B
20. D
21. To do its job, genetic material must be
* able to store enough information to
make another organism
* able to make a copy of itself again and
again
* strong and stable enough to not fall
apart easily
* able to mutate slightly from time to
time to provide variations
22. Cytosine and guanine pair together
Adenine and Thymine pair together
23. Crick & Watson described the basic structure
of DNA as a double helix; the double strand is
like a ladder, with nucleotide bases forming the
rungs, and sugar and phosphate groups
forming the sides.
24. Because DNA is made of only 4 different
nucleotides, it was thought to be too simple to
contain the code of life. But using the 4
different letters to make long sequences,
nature can create an almost unlimited variety
of genetic messages.
25. C
26. D
27. Genetic information is coded in the DNA
“alphabet.” The sequence of nucleotides
determines subunits called amino acids;
the amino acid sequence determines the
protein; the protein determines the trait.
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. T A A C T G G C
32. B
33. DNA is an important molecule because it
carries on life itself; all life is dependent
upon it.
34. DNA nucleotides separate and act as
templates in replication.
35. DNA molecules replicate by unwinding
and acting as a template. Enzymes help
match up free-floating nucleotides with
their appropriate complementary
nucleotides on the template. Identical
new strands are formed and then
released.
36. Box A should be a nucleotide, which acts
as a template because it can only pair
with one other (complementary)
nucleotide.
37. B proteins
38. Mutations can be helpful, as in the ability
to resist a disease, or harmful, as in loss
of some ability.
39. Scientists originally thought repetitive
DNA was “junk” because they did not
understand its functions.
40. C
41. Telomeres are of interest because they
may control the lifespan of a cell.
42. When a telomere gets very short the
cells stop dividing.
43. The enzyme telomerase can reverse the
shortening process by adding more
telomeres.
44. There is great interest in the enzyme
telomerase because it may have to do
with cancer.
45. There is great interest in the absence of
telomerase because it may have to do
with aging.