Transcript CLEO-C: prospects and relevance to LHCb

Heavy Flavors
Sheldon Stone,
Syracuse University
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
1
Introduction



“Heavy” flavors, defined as b & c quarks, not t,
which is heavier, as the top doesn’t live long
enough to form a meson and just decays ~100%
directly to b quarks (In England we have “Heavy”
flavours)
Charm is interesting in several special areas, but I
will concentrate on b’s
First I will discuss some specific b phenomenology
and then point out why these studies are
extremely important and interesting
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
2
Some B Meson Decay Diagrams



a) is dominant
b) is “color
suppressed”
a) & b) are
called “tree”
level
diagrams
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
3
The Standard Model

Theoretical Background




Physical States in the Standard Model
u  c t 
      ,......uR , d R , cR , sR , tR , bR
 d L  s L  b L
The gauge bosons: W±, g & Zo and the Higgs Ho
Lagrangian for charged current weak decays
g  †
Lcc  
J ccW  h.c.
2
 eL 
 dL 
Where J    ,  ,   g V      u , c , t  g V  s 
cc
e


MNS
 L
 
 L 
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
L
L
L
CKM
 L
b 
 L
4
The CKM Matrix
 Vud

VCKM =  Vcd
V
 td


Vus
Vcs
Vts
Vub 

Vcb 

Vtb 
Unitary with 9*2 numbers  4 independent
parameters
Many ways to write down matrix in terms of
these parameters
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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The Basics: Quark Mixing & the CKM Matrix
d
u
c
t



s
1 2

λ
 1- 2 λ

1 2

V=
-λ
1- λ

2
 3
2
Aλ
1ρ
iη
-Aλ




b

Aλ 3  ρ-iη  

Aλ 2 


1


mass
m
a
s
s
A, l, r and h are in the Standard Model
fundamental constants of nature like G, or aEM
h multiplies i and is responsible for CP violation
We know l=0.22 (Vus), A~0.8; constraints on r & h
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The 6 CKM Triangles

c

c
Best measured in Bs decays
g
b
a
Area of each  = A2l6h, the Jarlskog Invariant
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006

From
Unitarity
“ds” indicates
rows or
columns used
There are 4
independent
phases: b, g,
c, c (a can
be substituted
for g or b, as
abgp)
7
|Vcb|




Both Vcb & Vub can be determined
using diagram (a) when W-→-
Can use either inclusive
decays B→X-, with B~10%or
exclusive B→D*- with B~6%
|Vcb|=(41.96±0.23±0.35±0.59)x10-3 inclusive
+1.6
-3
|Vcb |=  39.4±0.9-1.2
x10
exclusive

(see Kowalewski ICHEP 2006)

Very well based theoretically (HQET)
Note difference is 2.6x10-3, much larger than quoted
theoretical errors!
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|Vub|





This is much more difficult because the b→u rate
is so much smaller than b→c
Inclusive decays are studied with severe cuts to
reduce b→u background
|Vub|=(4.49±0.19±0.27)x10-3
For exclusive decays
use B→p- (in
principle also r -
Again difference
between
inclusive &
exclusive
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Measurements of Bo & BS mixing
10
o
o
B -B
Mixing

Bo can transform to Bo, like neutral K’s

The eigenstates of flavor, degenerate in
pure QCD mix under the weak interactions.
Let QM basis be {|1>,|2>} {|Bo>,|Bo>}, then
 M
i
H  M   *
2
 M12
M12  i  
  *
M  2  12
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
12 

 
11
Mixing Measurements

Diagonalizing we have
m= mB -mBL=2|M12|, ~0
R= prob BoBo/ prob BoBo
First seen by ARGUS
P(BoBo)=
0.5e-t•[1+cos(mt)]
H




Must “tag” the flavor of the
of the decaying B at t=0
using the other B
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md Measurements
md average
0.507±0.004 ps-1
 Accuracy better
than 1%

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Bd Mixing in the Standard Model

Relation between B mixing & CKM elements:
 2 
2
m G
2
*
2  mt 
x

BBf B mBB Vtb Vtd mt F  2  hQCD
m 

6p
 W
2
F
2


F is a known function, hQCD~0.8
BB and fB are currently determined only
theoretically


in principle, fB can be measured, but its very difficult,
need to measure B- -
Current best hope is Lattice QCD
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Bs Mixing in the Standard Model
 2 
2
ms G 2F
2
*
2  mt 
xs 
 2 BBS f BS mBS BS Vtb Vts mt F  2  hQCD
m 
s
6p
 W

Measurement of Bs mixing provides the ratio of
Vtd/Vts which gives the same essential
information as Bd mixing alone, but with much
better control of theory parameters




|Vtd|2=A2l4[(1-r)2+h2]
|Vtd|2/ |Vts|2=[(1-r)2+h2]
Circle in (r,h) plane centered at (1,0)
To relate constraints on CKM matrix in terms of
say r & h need to use theoretical estimates of
x=fBs2BBs/ fBd2BBd
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CDF Measurement of ms
P(BSBS)=0.5X
Se-St[1+cos(mSt)]
 It is useful to analyze
A
the data as a function
of a test frequency w
 g(t)=0.5 S
e-St[1+Acos(wt)]
 CDF:

for 95% cl limit
3.7 s effect
+0.33
ΔmS =17.22-0.18
±0.07 ps-1

D0 90% cl bounds
21>mS>17 ps-1
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Constraint on r  h plane


Need to use theory value for
Using both Vub/Vcb & B mixing
x
f BS BBS
f Bd BBd
 1.24  0.04  0.06
See
http://ckmfitter.in2p3.fr/

In principle, could measure fB|Vub| using B-,
but difficult: Belle “discovery” was “corrected” &
Vub error is significant, so use D decays
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Leptonic Decays: D(s)
+
 
_
c and q can annihilate, probability is  to
wave function overlap
Diagram:
or cs
(s)
In general for all pseudoscalars:
2
1 2 2 2  m 
(P   )  GF f P m M P 1  2  | VQq |2
8p
 MP 
+
2

Calculate, or measure if VQq is known
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Measuring Charm at Threshold

DD production at
threshold: used by
Mark III, and more
recently by CLEO-c and
BES-II.





Unique event properties
Only DD not DDx
produced
Ease of B measurements
using "double tags“
BA = # of A/# of D's
Beam Constrained
Mass
CLEO-c
K-p+ p+
K-p+ p+ p0
Ksp+
Ksp+p+ p-
Ksp+p0
K-K+ p+
2
m2BC = Ei2 - pi2 =Ebeam
- pi2
i
i
i
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Measurement of fD+
To find signal, look for
events consistent with
one  track opposite a
D- tag with a missing 
 Compute

Data have 50 signal
events in 281 pb-1
CLEO-c
MM 2  ( ED  E  )2  ( pD  p  ) 2
 ( Ebeam  E  ) 2  ( pD  p  ) 2
Find
+2.3
fD+ =(222.6±16.7-3.4
) MeV
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DS+→+  +,  →p+



DS+→+  +,  →p+ Sum
contains 100 +  + events for
MM2 <0.2 GeV2
Also, DS+→+,  →e+
K0p+
100 events
Weighted Average:
fDs=280.1±11.6±6.0 MeV, the
systematic error is mostly
uncorrelated between the
measurements

  signal line shape
400 MeV
Thus fDs/fD+=1.26±0.11±0.03
(CLEO-c)
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Comparisons with Theory

CLEO-c data
are consistent
with most
models, more
precision
needed, for
both
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Measurements of CP Violating
Angles
23
Formalism of CP Violation

CP Eigenstates:

= B
B1o = Bo  Bo
Bo2

o
 Bo

/
/ 2, CP B1o =+ B1o
2, CP Bo2 =- Bo2
Because of mixing mass eigenstates are a
superposition of a|Bo>+b|Bo> that obey the
Schrödinger equation
a 
d a
i  a 
i   =H   =  M- Γ   
dt  b 
2  b
b 
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
See Bigi & Sanda
“CP Violation,” Cambridge
24
Bo CP Formalism II

For CP not being conserved, instead of B1 & B2
1
1
o
B =
B 
Bo
2
2
o
1
o
o
o
BL =p B +q B , BH =p B -q B

CP is violated if q/p  1

Time dependence is given by
o
i *
*
M12
 12
q
2

i
p
M12  12
2
BL (t )  eLt / 2eimLt / 2 BL (0) , BH (t )  eH t / 2eimH t / 2 BH (0)
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Bo CP Formalism III

This leads to the time evolution of flavor
amplitudes as


mt o
q
mt o
B (t )  e
B (0)  i sin
B (0) 
 cos
2
p
2



mt o
mt o
o
 ( im / 2) t  p
B (t )  e
B (0)  cos
B (0) 
 i sin
2
2
 q

o

 ( im / 2) t
m=mH-mL,  L H (true for Bd, not
necessarily for Bs)

Probability of a Bo decay is given by
<Bo(t)|Bo(t)*> & is pure exponential in the
absence of CP violation
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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CP violation using CP eigenstates


CPV requires the interference of two
amplitudes. We use the direct decay for one
amplitude and mixing for the other one
Define




A=<f|H|Bo>
A=<f|H|Bo>
|A/A|1 is evidence of CP violation in the decay
amplitude (“direct” CPV)
With mixing included, we have CPV if
λ=
q A
1
p A
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CP V using CP eigenstates II

CP asymmetry

for |q/p| = 1
a f (t ) 
  B o (t )  f     B o (t )  f 
  B o (t )  f     B o (t )  f 
1  l  cos(mt )  2 Im l sin(mt )

a (t ) 
2
f


1 l
2
When there is only one decay amplitude,
l=1 then a f (t )   Im l sin(mt )
Time integrated
x
a f (t )  
Im l  0.48 Im l
2
1 x
good luck, maximum is –0.5
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CPV using CP eigenstates III

For Bd, q
p
=
 V Vtd 
*
tb
*
tb
V Vtd
2
2
1-ρ-iη 

=
=e-2iβ
1-ρ+iη  (1-ρ-iη)
2
 p  2(1-ρ)η
Im   =
=sin(2β)
2
2
 q  1-ρ  +η

b
Now need to add A/A

for J/y Ks:
A  Vcb V 
=
A V V* 2
* 2
cs
cb
h
0
r
1
1
cs
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29
Ambiguities



Suppose we measure
sin(2b) using yKs, what
does that tell us about
b?
Ans: 4 fold ambiguityb, p/2b, pb, 3p/2b
Only reason h>0, is
Bk>0 from theory, and
related theoretical
interpretation of e
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B Kinematics at the Y(4S)
(Babar & Belle)
Asymmetric e+emachines at Y(4S)
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
From Abe
31
Fit to t Distributions
0
B
_ tag
B0 tag
B0  J/y KS0
0
B
_ tag
B0 tag
 resolution, wrong tags
0 tag
B
_
B0 tag
Asym. = -xCPsin2bsinmt
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2006: BaBar + Belle
From Hazumi ICHEP 2006
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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b (not sin2b) measurements
B0gD*+D*Ks
Time-dependent Dalitz analysis
(T.Browder, A. Datta et al. 2000)
 cos2b > 0
(94%CL, model-dependent)
B0gDh0 (h0 = p0 etc.)
Time-dependent Dalitz analysis
 cos2b > 0
Belle: 98.3%CL
(hep-ex/0605023, accepted by PRL)
BaBar 87% CL
(BABAR-CONF06/017)
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CPV in Charmless B Decays



Can have both tree & loop diagrams in p+p- (or r+r-)
Penguin
Tree
The weak phase in the tree graph is g. The weak
phase in the Penguin is different. Therefore, the
Penguin can (and does) mess up CP via mixing in
p+pPenguin is unmasked by evidence of popo
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CPV in Br+r

First done by BaBar
confirmed by Belle
Not a CP eigenstate, but
final state is almost fully
longitudinally polarized

fL=0.978+0.024+0.015
(BaBar)
-0.013
However, Penguin pollution
revealed at 3s level (BaBar):
 B(roro)=( 1.2±0.4±0.3)x10-6
 B(rr)=(23.5±2.2±4.1)x10-6

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CPV in Br+r- II

Constraints on a
Add
B→rp→pppo
Dalitz plot
analyses
suggested
by Snyder
& Quinn
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Results on a
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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g: B±DoK± decays, Do Kspp
Can have CPV in B decays
Just need two interfering
amplitudes
 For the B- decay:
A(B-DoK-) AB
A(B-DoK-) ABrBei(dB-g)
 Use modes where the Do is indistinguishable from
the Do. Then use Daltiz plot analysis to find g see A.

Giri et al., [hep-ph/0303187]
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39
g from BDoK-, Do Kspp
d2 ln L/d2g sensitivity
•Belle first saw a
clear difference
•Now data show
a smaller effect
BaBar
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40
Poor Constraints on g
See
http://www.utfit.org/
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Putting It All Together: Status


Global fit
using all
available
inputs
eK is from
CP violation
in Ko
system
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Reasons for Further B Physics
Studies
There is New Physics out there:
Standard Model is violated by the
Baryon Asymmetry of Universe & by
Dark Matter
I will show that B physics will be
crucial towards interpreting New
Physics found at the LHC
43
The Enigma of Baryogenesis



When the Universe began, the Big Bang,
there was an equal amount of matter &
antimatter
Now we have most matter. How did it
happen?
Sakharov criteria



Baryon (B) number violation
Departure from thermal equilibrium
C & CP violation
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Sakharov Criteria All Satisfied



B is violated in Electroweak theory at high
temperature, B-L is conserved (need
quantum tunneling, powerfully suppressed
at low T)
Non-thermal equilibrium is provided by
electroweak phase transition
C & CP are violated by weak interactions.
However the violation is too small!


nB-nB/ng = ~6x10-10, while SM can provide only
~10-20
Therefore, there must be new physics
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45
Dark Matter

Discovered by Zwicky in 1933 by measuring
rotation curves of galaxies in the Coma cluster
•Also gravitational
lensing of galaxy
clusters
•Is dark matter composed of
Supersymmetric particles?
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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The Hierarchy Problem


Physics at the Planck scale ~1019 GeV is
much larger than at the ~100-1000 TeV
electroweak scale, requires delicate
cancellations between fundamental
quantities and quantum corrections.
New Physics is needed to solve this
problem
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47
Loop Diagrams - Penguins
Effects of New Particles on B Decays
These decays are suppressed, so
New Particles can show enhanced
effects
48
MSSM Measurements, from Hinchcliff &
Kersting (hep-ph/0003090)
 Contributions to Bs mixing
BsJ/yh
CP asymmetry  0.1sinfcosfAsin(mst), ~10 x SM
Contributions to direct CP violating decay
B-fK- vs
B+fK+
Asym=(MW/msquark)2sin(f), ~0 in SM
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49
Supersymmetry



Supersymmetry contains
squarks and sleptons.
Squark mass matrixes
contain information on
SUSY breaking
mechanisms &/or GUT scale
interactions.
Quark flavor changing neutral
current processes, e.g. BS or
D0 mixing, are sensitive to the
off-diagonal elements of the
squark mass matrix.
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50
Examples
CP Violation in BS
SUSY GUT & BS Mixing
SM
Enhancements to BS
SM B~3.4x10-9, via
SUSY adds Ao, Ho, ho
 300 GeV 
+ -7  tanβ 
B(BS  μ μ )=5x10 

 
 50   M Ao 
6
4
Current CDF limits
BS mixing
B @ 95% cl
B0s  +-
B0d  +-
<1.0x10-7
<3.0x10-8
T.Goto,Y.O.Y.Shimizu,Y.Shindou,and M.Tanaka,2003
From Okada ICHEP 2006
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SO(10)
ala’ Chang, Masiero & Murayama hep-ph/0205111



Large mixing between  and  (from
atmospheric  oscillations) can lead to large
~
~
mixing between bR and sR.
This does not violate any known
measurements
Leads to large CPV in Bs mixing, deviations
from sin(2b) in Bof Ks and changes in the
phase g
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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New Physics Effects in Some Different Models

Different models give different patterns (2003 SLAC
WS Proceedings)
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Possible Size of New Physics Effects

From Hiller hep-ph/0207121
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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bs Transitions (Penguins)

In SM t in loop
dominates and CP
asymmetry should be
equal to that in J/yKs
W
b
B0
d
u,c , t
g
s f ,h ,( KK )
CP
s
s 0
d KS
 Other objects in loop, new virtual particles,
could interfere
 So this process is sensitive to new physics
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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CPV Measurements In bs





We cannot just
average these
modes, but ....
<S>=sin2b
=0.50±0.06
S=.52±.05-.68±.03
= -0.16 ±0.06
Does u & c parts of
Penguin contribute?
Yes but S >0, ~0.1
New Physics???
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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Electroweak penguins BK(*)+g ,Z
b
d

u, c, t
W



s
b
W
u, c, t
d
d
W

s
d
• With l+l- pair, can have either pseudoscalar or vector mesons
• New physics can affect both rates and kinematic distributions.
BABAR hep-ex/0507005 (229M BB)
BK
 
B  K*
Belle prelim. hep-ex/0410006, 0508009
 
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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BK(*)+-: Lepton F-B Asymmetry
l

l
l
Belle: lepton
AFB
SM

B
s
q
hep-ex/0508009 386 M BB
BaBar
K
*
Lepton angular
distribution in
l l rest frame
But large
errors &
somewhat
contradictory
data from
NP scenarios BaBar
2
q
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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Constraints on New Physics






Next to Minimal Flavor Violation construction
Assume NP in tree decays is negligible
Is there NP in Bo-Bo mixing?
o
2 2iθd
d
re
iσ
=1+he =
full
o
B |H |B
Bo |HSM |Bo
Use Vub, ADK, SyK, Srr, md, ASL =
semileptonic asymmetry    B  X      B
B  X    B
Fit to h, r, rd, d (or h, s)


o

o
 X 
o

o
X

Agashe, Papucci, Perez, & Pirjol hep-ph/0509117
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
59
New Physics Constraints


Amplitudes
~20% of SM
still allowed in
any region,
more near 0o
Still a lot of
room for New
Physics in Bd
system
s
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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60
BS System

New Physics
almost
unconstrained
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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 in BS Decays

 = L- H, where 1/ of “light” vs “heavy”



In Bd system  is small, driven by common
channels for Bo & Bo (i.e. pp)
BSDS+(*) DS-(*), where CP+ outweighs CP- BS
(recall CDF measured mS), CDF & D0 have
measurements, order of B(B→D(*)DS(*))~10%
0
0



B
(t)
B
Recall
S
d
Γ  S (t) 

i



dt  BS0 (t)

 =  M-i  

 
2   BS0 (t) 



 =2|12|cosfS, where fS is the CP violating
phase in BS mixing, expected to be tiny in SM
~-2l2h=-.04 rad but effected by NP
Can measure  using  measurements
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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Measuring f Phase of BS mixing

CP violation in BS mixing
Γ(BS (t)  f )
~
1  lf
2
2
t
t


e t /  cosh
 A dir
cos(

m
t)

h
cos
f
sinh

h
sin
f
sin(

m
t)
CP
S
f
f
S 
2
2


Γ(BS (t)  f )
~
1  lf
2
2
e
t / 
t
t


dir
cos
h

A
cos(

m
t)

h
cos
f
sinh

h
s
in
f
sin(

m
t)
CP
S
f
f
S 

2
2


hf = ±1, depending on f= CP+ or CP  Contrast with Bo
(Bof)~e-t/[1+Adircosmt+sinfmt]

The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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Measuring f Without Flavor Tagging

Sum
Γ(BS (t)  f)+Γ(BS (t)  f)~e

-t/τ
ΔΓt
ΔΓt


cosh 2 -hf sinh 2 cosφ 
Some sensitivity to f without flavor tagging
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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Measuring f with BSJ/y h (or f)




BSJ/y h (where h gg or pppo) is a CP
eigenstate similar to BoJ/y KS. However,
detecting the h is difficult for some hadron
collider detectors
J/y f is not a CP eigenstate, but is very
useful in all experiments. Must take into
account different spins: S, P, D.
∴use Transversity analysis
Most sensitivity expected using flavor
tagged analysis
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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D0 Untagged Analysis




D0 has 978±45 events
fS=-0.79±0.56±0.01 (rad)
S=0.17±0.09±0.04 ps-1
/~0.25±0.13
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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Future Experiments
67
B experiments at the LHC
LHCb
 LHCb: first dedicated b
experiment at a hadron
collider, the LHC
• Excellent vertexing
• Excellent particle id
CMS
 Super B? Two efforts, one
at Frascati and SuperBelle
in Japan ATLAS
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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LHCb Projections

(0.02 rad)

K*
2 fb-1
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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Also ATLAS & CMS

ATLAS

CMS
BSJ/y f
B(BS  μ μ )<1.4x10
+
-
-8
@90% cl in 10fb-1
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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Will There Be a Super-B e+e- Machine?

Two proposals currently being pursued to make
L~1036, ~100 times current B factories
 Super Belle at KEK
 Linear-B scheme
HER injection
LER injection
LER
HER
LER Bunch compressor and FF
HER Bunch compressor and FF
IP
The Hadron Collider Physics Summer Schools, Fermilab August 9-18, 2006
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Conclusions




Much has been learned about the structure of matter &
fundamental forces in nature using flavor decays;
contributions from several generations of experiments at
e+e-, fixed target and hadron colliders
b & c decays will be used as incisive probes of New
Physics. These effects appear in loops. We already are
probing the TeV scale. Flavor decays will be ever more
important in understanding the nature of NP effects found
at the LHC or Tevatron (i.e. SUSY, Extra Dimensions, Little
Higgs etc...)
The next few years will see more results from BaBar, Belle,
CDF & D0, but only Belle will remain post 2009
LHCb will be the first dedicated B physics experiment at a
Hadron Collider. ATLAS & CMS also have B physics
capability. There may be a Super B factory, possibly at
KEK or at Frascati
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