Transcript Document

Imperialism & Expansion
1850-1916
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Big Stick Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy
Moral Diplomacy
TRADITIONAL UNITED STATES FOREIGN
POLICY WAS ISOLATIONIST
“It is our true policy
to steer clear of
permanent
alliances with any
portion of the
foreign world”
PRESIDENT GEORGE
WASHINGTON, 1796
SOCIAL DARWINISM
Based on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution
and the survival of the fittest but applied to
society and politics. The wealthy are the
strong and therefore have the right to rule
the poor who are weak. The united states as a
strong nation must dominate the weaker
nations.
philosopher Herbert
Spencer who
developed the
theory of social
Darwinism
The united states became an
imperialist power to gain more
wealth
THE UNITED STATES
NEEDED NEW
MARKETS TO EXPORT
THE SURPLUS
PRODUCTS OF ITS
FARMS AND
FACTORIES
Year
Imports
Exports
1870
$300 Million
$350 Million
1875
$900 Million
$800 Million
1880
$1.22 Billion
$1.0 Billion
1889
$900 Million
$800 Million
1892
$1.2 Billion
$1.42 Billion
1899
1.3 Billion
1.35 Billion
1903
1.7 Billion
1.8 Billion
1914
1.6 Billion
2.8 Billion
The Call For Imperialism
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Josiah Strong—people of Anglo-Saxon
stock were the fittest to survive and
that Protestant Americans had a
Christian duty to colonize other lands
for the purpose of spreading
Christianity and Western Cultural
Call for Imperialism
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Fredrick Jackson Turner—the
American frontier had been essential
in the development of the character of
the United States; now that the
frontier was gone the United States
needed a new frontier to continue to
inspire our character development and
to act as a release value for social
frustration, thus avoiding socialist
revolution.
Call for Imperialism
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Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan urged
the U.S. Government to build and
maintain a strong naval force to
secure our borders, help us achieve
open markets overseas, and force
competing nations to respect our
merchant fleet and American interests
U.S. & Latin America
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President Cleveland and the Monroe
Doctrine– A boundary dispute between
Venezuela and the British colony of Guiana
threatened to involve England in Latin
America, a direct violation of the Monroe
Doctrine—the U.S. insists the dispute be
handed through arbitration—at first England
refuses and Cleveland threatens war—
England agrees to our demands and ends
the crisis, thus preserving the Monroe
Doctrine and changing forever the
relationship between the U.S. and
England—one of cooperation and friendship.
U.S. & Latin America
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Spanish American War—
– Revolt in Cuba against Spanish control
– Large American investment in Cuba is
threatened by the revolt
– Yellow Journalism promotes direct
American involvement
– The sinking of the Maine, accident or
work of Spanish treachery
– De Lome letter insults the American
President
CUBA
YELLOW JOURNALISM
CARTOON
WHERE THE
TERM “YELLOW
JOURNALISM”
CAME FROM
IN 1898 NEWSPAPERS PROVIDED THE
PUBLIC WITH INFORMATION. PEOPLE
LACKED THE ABILITY TO VERIFY IF
THE STORIES WERE BIASED OR
INACCURATE AND THEREFORE
RELIED UPON NEWSPAPERS TO TELL
THE TRUTH. PULITZER AND HEARST
TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE PUBLIC’S
IGNORANCE BY TWISTING THE TRUTH
TO SELL MORE NEWSPAPERS.
SENSATIONALIZED STORIES WERE
FEATURED HEAVILY IN THEIR
NEWSPAPERS SINCE EXCITING
HEADLINES INCREASED
CIRCULATION.
NEWSPAPERS FOCUSED ON SPANISH
ATROCITIES TOWARDS THE CUBAN PEOPLE TO
IGNITE PASSIONS AGAINST SPAIN
SPANISH GENERAL
WEYLER WAS SEEN AS
A “BUTCHER” IN THE
US FOR HIS
TREATMENT OF THE
CUBAN PEOPLE
WHAT DOES THIS CARTOON
SUGGEST IS THE SITUATION FOR
THE CUBANS?
ALL THAT WAS NEEDED TO START A WAR WAS A
SPARK AND THIS CAME ON FEBRUARY 15TH,
1898, IN HAVANA HARBOR.
USS MAINE IN HAVANA, CUBA HARBOR
Yellow journalists were quick to blame the
Spanish
America gives Spain an
ultimatum—leave Cuba
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The United States easily destroys the
old Spanish Fleet in the Philippines .
The US invades Cuba and drives Spain
out.
At the end of the war the US has
gained Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam & the
Philippines.
Theodore Roosevelt becomes a
national hero for his role in leading a
gallant charge up San Juan hill.
McKinley’s War Message
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Put an end to the “barbarities,
bloodshed, starvation, and horrible
miseries” in Cuba
Protect American lives and property
End “the very serious injury to the
commerce, trade and business of our
people”.
End the constant menace to our peace
arising from the Cuban crisis
ADMIRAL DEWEY, HERO OF THE NAVAL BATTLE
OF MANILA BAY
US DESTROYS THE SPANISH FLEET AT MANILA BAY
BATTLE SCENE WITH TEDDY
ROOSEVELT ON THE HORSE
THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE “ROUGH
RIDERS” IN CUBA
The End of The Spanish
American War
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America acquires Cuba, the
Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.
Cuba is granted its independence but
not before being forced to sign a
treaty that has an attachment known
as the Platt Amendment.
The Platt Amendment
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Cuba could not enter into any foreign
treaties without US permission
The US will be allowed to set up
military bases in Cuba.
The US can intervene in Cuba
whenever the US believes it is
necessary.
Never to build up an excessive public
debt
The United States and
Latin America
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Pan-American Conference 1889—Sec.
Of State James G. Blaine holds the
first Pan-American Conference to help
foster closer relations with Latin
America—This is the basis of the PanAmerican Union, which operates as
part of the Organization of American
States today, with the goal of closer
cooperation on political and economic
issues
The Untied States Fights A
War of Conquest in the
Philippines
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When it became
clear that the U.S.
was intending to
stay and administer
the islands—war
breaks out
A bloody colonial war
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Upon this “small but
peculiarly trying and
difficult war” turned
“not only the honor of
the flag” but “the
triumph of civilization
over forces which
stand for the black
chaos of savagery and
barbarism.”
– Theodore Roosevelt
A Jungle War, A War of
Atrocity on Both Sides
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Over 4,000 American
troops, 20,000 Filipino
soldiers, and 500,000
Filipino civilians died
over the course of the
war.
"Benevolent Assimilation" Proclamation of
President William McKinley
December 21, 1898
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Finally, it should be the earnest and paramount aim of the military
administration to win the confidence, respect, and affection of the
inhabitants of the Philippines by assuring them in every possible way
that full measure of individual rights and liberties which is the
heritage of a free people, and by assuring them in every possible
way that full measure of individual rights and liberties which is the
heritage of a free people, and by proving to them that the mission of
the United States is one of the benevolent assimilation, substituting
the mild sway of justice and right for arbitrary rule. In the fulfillment
of this high mission, supporting the temperate administration of
affairs for the greatest good of the governed, there must be
sedulously maintained the strong arm of authority, to repress
disturbance and to overcome all obstacles to the bestowal of the
blessings of good and stable government upon the people of the
Philippine Islands under the flag of the United States.
THE Insular Cases
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Question: Does the U.S. Constitution follow
the flag? Does the Constitution of the
United States apply to whatever territories
the nation assumes control over?
Supreme Court rules, in a series of cases
now known as the Insular Cases, that
Constitutional rights are not automatically
extended to territorial possessions—
Congress had the power to decide this
question on a case by case basis.
TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S
FOREIGN POLICY
Big stick
diplomacy
President Theodore
Roosevelt
We have become a great nation,
forced by the fact of its
greatness into relations with the
other nations of the earth, and
we must behave as beseems a
people with such responsibilities.
We must show not only in our
words, but in our deeds, that we
are earnestly desirous of
securing their good will by
acting toward them in a spirit of
just and generous recognition of
all their rights. But justice and
generosity in a nation, as in an
individual, count most when
shown not by the weak but by the
strong. No weak nation that acts
manfully and justly should ever
have cause to fear us, and no
strong power should ever be
able to single us out as a subject
for insolent aggression.
Roosevelt, 1905
Roosevelt and Panama
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Wanting to build a Canal across the isthmus of
Panama
Colombia would not agree to American terms—Like
nailing jello to a barn door
U.S. will support Panama’s revolt against Colombian
control for the right to build the canal
Hay_Bunau-Varilla Treaty gives the U.S. the rights
to build the canal
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty—Great Britain abrogates an
1850 treaty that would have given joint control to
any canal
Theodore Roosevelt and the
Panama Canal
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The US wants to purchase the right to build
and operate a canal from Columbia
When the Columbians ask for more money
(the US & Columbia had agreed on $40
million) Roosevelt refuses and breaks off
negotiations .
President Roosevelt encourages Panama , a
state in Columbia to declare independence,
promising American aid in exchange for the
right to build the canal.
US INTERESTS TURNED TOWARD CENTRAL AMERICA AND A
QUICKER WAY OF MOVING SHIPS BETWEEN THE EAST AND
WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA
15,000 MILES
ADVANTAGE OF AN ISTHMIAN CANAL
8,000 miles
TWO POLITICAL CARTOONS ON COLOMBIA’S
REFUSAL TO ACCEPT TR’S PURCHASE
OFFER PRICE OF $40 MILLION
IN 2002 $40 MILLION WOULD BE $830 MILLION
In Cuba dr. Gorgas
learned yellow fever
was transmitted through
mosquitoes. his discovery
allowed the canal to be
built.
1905 fumigation car
eradicating
the mosquitoes
WILLIAM C. GORGAS
1905 Yellow
Fever Quarantine
Station
Construction of the canal
PRESIDENT
ROOSEVELT VISITS
THE CANAL
CONSTRUCTION
SITE IN 1906
Mira Flores, Panama
1914 Opening of the Panama
Canal
Panama canal today
The Roosevelt Corollary
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Added to the Monroe Doctrine the corollary states
that the United States will be responsible for
maintaining security and control in any Latin
American nation that could not do so on its own
This document arose when England threatened to
send troops to Venezuela to collect debts owed and
when Germany, England and France threatened to
send troops to Santo Domingo (the Dominican
Republic) for the same reasons
Over the next 20 years American Presidents will
send troops into Haiti, Honduras, the Dominican
Republic, Nicaragua, and Cuba—hurting U.S.
relations with Latin America—the image of America
as a bully!
Dollar diplomacy
President William Howard Taft
“The diplomacy of the present
administration has sought to
respond to modern ideas of
commercial intercourse. This
policy has been characterized
as substituting dollars for
bullets. It is one that appeals
alike to idealistic humanitarian
sentiments, to the dictates of
sound policy and strategy, and
to legitimate commercial aims. It
is an effort frankly directed to
the increase of American trade
upon the axiomatic principle
that the government of the
United States shall extend all
proper support to every
legitimate and beneficial
American enterprise abroad.”
Taft, 1912
Taft and Latin America
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Taft wanted to replace bullets with dollars
and urged American investment in Latin
America
This will lead to a series of so-called banana
republics—nations that owed so much to
American business that those businesses
controlled the country
Rebellion in Nicaragua threatens American
investment and Taft resorts to Big Stick
Policy, sending in the Marines in 1912 and
they will remain there until 1933
The Lodge Corollary
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Senator Henry Cabot Lodge adds a Corollary
to the Monroe Doctrine stating that nonEuropean powers would be excluded from
owning territory in the Western
Hemisphere—blocking the sell of a large
part of the Mexican Baja Peninsula to a
group of Japanese investors
Hurts relations with Latin America—that
bully thing again
Moral diplomacy
President Woodrow
Wilson
There has been something crude and
heartless and unfeeling in our haste
to succeed and be great. Our thought
has been "Let every man look out for
himself, let every generation look
out for itself," while we reared giant
machinery which made it impossible
that any but those who stood at the
levers of control should have a
chance to look out for themselves.
We had not forgotten our morals. We
remembered well enough that we had
set up a policy which was meant to
serve the humblest as well as the
most powerful, with an eye single to
the standards of justice and fair play,
and remembered it with pride. But we
were very heedless and in a hurry to
be great.
Wilson, 1913
Wilson And Mexico
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Revolution in Mexico brings the military
dictator Gen. Victoriano Huerta into power
Refusing to recognize Huerta Wilson issues
an arms embargo against Mexico and
blockades the port of Vera Cruz
American seamen are arrested in Tampico
and the U.S. occupies Vera Cruz
War seemed imminent but was averted
when the ABC powers of Latin America
(Argentina, Brazil, and Chile) mediate the
dispute
Wilson and Mexico
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1914 Huerta loses power and civil war
breaks out between the followers of
Carranza and Pancho Villa
Villa raids American towns on the border
In 1916 General John J. Pershing leads an
American force into Mexico in search of
Villa—they stay for months—violating
Mexican sovereignty
World War I forces their withdraw as the
troops would be needed in Europe—they
never caught Villa
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
in Action
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Jones Act 1916 grants full territorial
status to the Philippines, gtd a Bill of
Rights, and universal male suffrage to
Filipino citizens and promised
independence asap
Puerto Rico citizens were granted U.S.
citizenship and allowed limited selfgovernment (1917)
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
in Action
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1914 American ships are required to
pay tolls to use the Panama Canal just
like all other nations
US Marines are kept in Nicaragua sent
to Haiti and the Dominican Republic
during Wilson’s Presidency.
America In The Pacific
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1853 Japan is opened to trade by the threat of
American force
1893 American business interest overthrow the
government of Hawaii and declare a republic—Pres.
Cleveland opposes imperialism and refuses to agree
to annexation
1898 Spanish America War, spurs the annexation of
Hawaii, the possession of Guam and the Philippines
1900-Secretary of State John Hay sends the Open
Door Notes and America becomes involved in China
Arguments against imperialism in the
Philippines
“…we do not intend to
free, but to subjugate
the people of the
Philippines. We have
gone there to conquer,
not to redeem.”
Mark Twain, 1900
“In the forcible annexation of
the Philippines our Nation
neither adds to its strength
nor secures broader
opportunities for the
American people.”
William Jennings Bryan, 1899
REACTION TO US IMPERIALISM:
ANTI-IMPERIALIST MOVEMENT
Expansion Overseas
Hawaii
• 1810 King Kamehameha the Great unites
all the Hawaiian islands into one kingdom.
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1893 Queen Liliuokalani surrenders the
kingdom to the United States under protest
after a revolt led by Stanford B. Dole (Dole
Fruit Company)
1898 Hawaii is annexed to the United
States.
The US wants Hawaii as a fueling station
and for raw materials.
Queen Liliuokalani,
LAST QUEEN OF HAWAII
SANFORD DOLE
Became president of the republic of Hawaii after
the queen was overthrown. Hawaii was annexed as
part of the u.s. in 1898
US FORCES CONQUER THE PHILIPPINES
Commodore Perry arrived in Japan in 1853
and opened it for trade. Japan realized that
they must adopt some western ways or become
a conquered nation. Scholars were sent
abroad to study and within 50 years Japan
was an industrial power.
JAPAN ENTERS THE WORLD STAGE AS AN
INDUSTRIAL/IMPERIALIST POWER
Japan becomes an imperialist power
after the Sino-Japanese war with china
in 1894-1895 and the Russo Japanese war
with Russia in 1904-1905
Roosevelt’s Gentleman’s
Agreement
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San Francisco school division puts
Japanese children into segregated
schools
Japan complains to the United States
and threatens reprisals
Roosevelt has a conference with the
California officials who repeal their
decision in exchange for Japan
stopping worker immigration to
America
Russo-Japanese War
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1904-05 Russia and Japan go to war over
territory in China
President Roosevelt intervenes and arranges
a peace conference in Portsmouth, New
Hampshire
The peace treaty won Roosevelt the Noble
Peace prize but embittered both nations
Roosevelt felt that a Japanese victory would
upset the balance of power in Asia and a
Russian victory would lead to continued
threats to peace.
Root-Takahria Agreement
1908
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Treaty between US and Japan
Respect each others Pacific
Possessions
Support the Open Door Policy IN China
– Very important in the 1930’s
America’s Open Door
Policy
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Written by Secretary of State John Hay
The policy says that the United States
wants open trade in China—all nations
trading on an equal basis.
The Chinese should control their own
country and all nations should respect
Chinese sovereignty.
BOXER REBELLION, 1900
THE CHINESE PEOPLE REACT TO IMPERIALISM
Boxer rebel
BOXER SOLDIER
Boxer troops entered the foreign
held Peking (Beijing)
An international force
retaliated and seized control
of Peking
Who do all of the figures represent?
Anti-imperialist cartoon
“TAKING OUR PLACE AMONG THE NATIONS”
IN 1917 THE UNITED
STATES BOUGHT THE
VIRGIN ISLANDS: FOR
A COALING
(REFUELING) STATION
FOR MERCHANT AND
WAR SHIPS