Transcript Chapters 14 & 19

Classification
Notes
TAXONOMY
 Early Classification:
 Over 2,000 yrs ago, Aristotle, a Greek
philosopher and naturalist grouped
animals and plants according to their
structural similarities.
 Later Greeks and Romans grouped plants
and animals into basic categories such as
oaks, dogs, and horses.
Genus – Latin word for group. Groups were
given names that were in Latin.
EX: human = Homo sapien
** Homo is the genus
Taxonomy – the science of naming and classify
organisms.
Simpler System
 Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish biologist
who developed a two-word name for
each species. His naming system is
called binomial nomenclature.
 Linnaeus’s system has been
universally adopted. Most of the
species he described in 1753 still
have the two-part names he gave
them.
The two-part name that every
organism has is its scientific name.
 Examples
 Felis concolor – mountain lion
 Quercus phellos – willow oak
 Erithacus rubicula – robin
 Genus– the group that the organism belongs to.
 Species – most specific in the Linnaeus system
of classification.
Writing the Scientific Name
 The genus is always capitalized and
the species is always lower-case.
 The entire name is either written in
italics or underlined.
 Abbreviating the Scientific Name
 First letter of the genus name and the
whole species name
 Example: Quercus rubra – Q. rubra (red oak)
*** By using this system, scientist all over the world can
communicate regardless of their native language.
Classifying Organisms
 Each living thing is assigned to a series of
groups, beginning with domain (most
inclusive) and ending with species (least
inclusive).
 Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species
 Did Korean People Come Over For Gangnam Style
 By Jacob Garza
 Don’t Kill Pablo Cuz Overdose Fool’s Get Slapped
 By Nick Strauss feat: Jacob Garza (“what what”)
C:\Users\cmatula\Documents\Classification levels 1.wmv
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
 Phylogeny – is an
organism’s
evolutionary
history
 Phylogenetic Tree
– displays
evolutionary
relationships in a
branching diagram
Fish
starfish
crab
flatworms
mollusk
jellyfish
sponge
The Six
Kingdoms
THE SIX KINGDOMS
1. ANIMAL
2. PLANT
3. FUNGI
4. PROTIST
5. EUBACTERIA
6. ARCHAEBACTERIA
These kingdoms are grouped according to
their cell type, complexity, and method for
obtaining nutrition.
 Cell Type:
 Prokaryotic (ex: bacteria)
 Eukaryotic (ex: humans)
 Cell Walls:
 Present
 Absent
 Body Types:
 Unicellular
 Multicellular
 Nutrition:
 Autotrophs – make their own food
 Heterotrophs – consume their food
3 DOMAINS
 Domain Bacteria
 Kingdom – Eubacteria
 Domain Archaea
 Kingdom – Archaebacteria
 Domain Eukarya
 Kingdoms:
 Protista
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia
DOMAIN BACTERIA
 Kingdom: Eubacteria
 Characteristics:
 Prokaryotes; small; unicellular
 Found in practically every environment on Earth
 Autotrophic or heterotrophic
 Have a cell wall (made of peptidoglycan)
 Has a single mRNA strand for transcription
 Most abundant organism on Earth
 Important as decomposers
*** Although some eubacteria cause diseases, such as strep throat and
pneumonia, most bacteria are harmless and many are actually helpful.
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
 Kingdom: Archeabacteria
 Characteristic:
 Prokaryotes
 Have a cell wall
(not peptidoglycan but lipids)
 More closely related to
Eukaryotes than bacteria
 Some live in extreme
environments such as hot
springs and salty lakes.
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
 3 Basic kinds of Archaebacteria
 Methanogens:



Live in mud swamps
Form methane gas
Halophiles – live in extreme salt conditions
 Extremophiles:

Thermophiles – live in hot places
 Nonextreme Archaebacteria:

Grow in same environment as bacteria
C:\Users\cmatula\Documents\bacteria 1.wmv
DOMAIN EUKARYA
 Characteristics:




Eukaryotes – cells are larger than prokaryotes
Highly organized cell interior
Multicellular
Sexual reproduction
 4 kingdoms have in Domain Eukarya:




Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
DOMAIN EUKARYA
 Protista Characteristics:
 Multicellular and unicellular
 Most are microscopic
 Some have cell walls
 Many are aquatic
 Some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs
 Move about using flagella, cilia and pseudopods
 Important part of the ocean food chain
 Reproduce asexually but can reproduce sexually
under stress
PROTISTA
Flagella
Amoebapseudopods
C:\Users\cmatula\Documents\Protista 1.wmv
Cilia
DOMAIN EUKARYA
 Fungi Characteristics:
 Heterotrophic
 Eukaryotic
 Cell wall made of chitin
 Multicellular but one group is unicellular
 Yeast cells are unicellular
 Do not move from place to place
 Lack chlorophyll therefore they are heterotrophs
 Obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes on
whatever they grow on
 Some live on dead organisms and some are parasites
FUNGI
 FYI:
about 100 people
die each year from
eating poisonous
mushrooms
 Other examples:
 Mold
 Mildew
 yeast
C:\Users\cmatula\Documents\Fungi 1.wmv
DOMAIN EUKARYA
 Plant Characteristics:
All mutlicellular
Almost all are autotrophs
Have specialized cells
Cell walls are composed of cellulose
Cannot move
Spore and seeds allow the dispersal (spread) of
plants
 They are the “Nutritional Foundation” in an
ecosystem
 Used as food, Medicine, dye, cloths, paper, etc
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PLANTS
Flowers
Trees
Ferns
Characteristics of Plants
 Primary producers in most ecosystems and
provide the nutritional basis in terrestrial
ecosystems
 Release oxygen to atmosphere
 Do you remember the equation for
Photosynthesis? Write it below.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O

C6H12O6 + 6 O2
4 Basic Kinds of Plants:
 1. Nonvascular Plants-Usually small
and lack tissue to transport water and
nutrients. They lack roots stems and
leaves. Example: mosses.
 2. Seedless Vascular Plants-Have roots
stems and leaves; reproduce with spores
instead of seeds. Examples: Ferns
 3. Nonflowering Seed Plants
(Gymnosperms)-vascular plants that reproduce
using seeds but do not produce flowers-they
produce seeds in a CONE.
 Example: Pines and Spruces.
 Usually have needle like leaves and
live in cold dry (arid) environments.
 Leaves falling to the ground make the
soil very acidic and many plants
cannot survive so there is not a lot of
diversity.
 What does acidic mean?
 What does diversity mean?
 4. Flowering Seed Plants
(Angiosperms) Plants that produce flowers. Seeds are
produced in a fruit. Examples: roses,
grasses and oaks.
2 groups of Angiosperms:
Monocots
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
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one cotyledons(seed leaf)
flower parts in 3’s
leaves with parallel veins
vascular tissue is scattered
fibrous root systems.
Examples: Grains (such as wheat, corn,
rice and grasses)
2. Dicots
 two cotyledons(seed leaf)
 flower parts in 2’s,4’s or 5’s
 leaves with branching veins
 vascular tissue is in circular
bunches
 tap root
 Examples: Daisies, roses, apples, peaches,
potatoes, tomatoes

A Flower contains the reproductive
organs of the plant.
Parts of a Flower and Their
Functions
 Sterile parts: (not used in
reproduction)
 Petals-usually colorful to attract
pollinators
 Sepals- often green and cover
the bud of a flower and
protects it as it develops.
Female parts:
 Pistil- includes all female parts;
located at the center of the flower
 Stigma- sticky part on which
pollen lands
 Style-connects the stigma to
the ovary
 Ovary-contains ovules &
develops into a fruit
 Ovule- structure in which an
egg develops and eventually
become seeds
Male parts:
 Stamenincludes all male
parts
 Antherproduces pollen
 Filamentssupports the
anther
Major Parts of A Plant
 Major Structures
of VASCULAR
PLANTS include:
ROOTS,
STEMS
AND
LEAVES.
Roots
 Take in nutrients from the ground
 Anchor plants into the ground
 Tap root- one central root with tiny
roots branching off
 Fibrous roots-highly branched made
up of many roots that are the same size
Fibrous root
Tap Root
Stems
 Made up of several
types of tissue
 Supports the leaves
and houses vascular
tissue
 Phloem-tissue that
transports nutrients
 Xylem- tissue that
transports water
Leaves
 Site of food production –photosynthesis
 Parts of leaf:
 Cuticle- waxy covering on the leaf that
prevents water loss
 Stomata- pores on the leaf that prevent
water loss (p503, 561)
 Guard cells- border each stoma.
 Stomata open and close as the guard cells
change shape.
Guard
cells
Stomata
Stomata
Opened
Stomata
Closed
 Epidermis-outer layer of tissue
 Mesophyll- packed with chloroplasts; where
photosynthesis occurs
 2 Layers of mesophyll:
 1.Palisade layer-columnar cells that are right
below the upper epidermis
 2. Spongy layer-loosely packed spherical
cells between palisade and lower epidermis
Upper
epidermis
Palisade
Vascular
tissue
Spongy
mesophyll
Lower
epidermis
Guard cells Stomata
Transpiration- loss of water from a
plant (THROUGH THE STOMATA)
3’s
cotyledon
cotyledon 2’s, 4’s
or 5’s
parallel
netlike
Scattered vascular
tissue
Vascular tissue
in bundles
C:\Users\cmatula\Documents\Plants.wmv
Fibrous
roots
Tap
root
DOMAIN EUKARYA
 Animal Characteristics:
 All are heterotrophs
 Multicellular
 Cells are mostly diploid
 Lack a cell wall
 Zygotes develop in several stages
 Have specialized tissues
 Able to move
 Most reproduce sexually
 Most animals are invertebrate and lack a
backbone
 Animals that have a backbone are vertebrates
ANIMALS
Arthropod
Mammal
Fish
Snake