Transcript Document
Linux Fundamentals © 2001 ComputerPREP, Inc. All rights reserved. Lesson 1: UNIX and Linux Basics © 2001 ComputerPREP, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives • Explain some of the distinctive features of UNIX and Linux • Relate Linux architecture to System V and BSD architectures • Log on to a Linux machine and change your password • Understand the basic structure of Linux commands • Access the online help system A Brief History • System V and BSD • System V and BSD characteristics • Linux – Open Source Movement Characteristics of Linux • • • • Linux is multiuser Linux is multitasking Linux is weakly integrated UNIX/Linux is command-line oriented Your Logon Account • Logging on and off – The root account • Changing your password The Logon Environment • Logon shell • Home directory • Environment variables Linux Commands • Command arguments and options – Specific man commands – Preparing the man database with makewhatis Summary Explain some of the distinctive features of UNIX and Linux Relate Linux architecture to System V and BSD architectures Log on to a Linux machine and change your password Understand the basic structure of Linux commands Access the online help system Lesson 2: Files and Directories © 2001 ComputerPREP, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives • Describe how Linux handles files, directories, and subdirectories • Navigate the Linux directory tree • Create and delete subdirectories • Read and modify file permissions Linux File Name Conventions • Up to 256 characters allowed • No prohibition of the use of spaces • No formal rules related to file name extensions Hidden Files • Will not show in directory listings by default The File System • Single tree of directories and subdirectories • Root directory represented by slash ( / ) Paths • Absolute paths • Relative paths and the current working directory • Periods, double periods, and tildes Working with Directories • • • • • Listing directories Long form listing Changing the working directory Creating subdirectories Deleting subdirectories File and Directory Permissions • Control of access at three levels – User – Group – Everyone (or other) • Changing permissions Summary Describe how Linux handles files, directories, and subdirectories Navigate the Linux directory tree Create and delete subdirectories Read and modify file permissions Lesson 3: Text Editing with Vi, Emacs, and Pico © 2001 ComputerPREP, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives • Use the vi text editor to create and edit files • Use the emacs text editor to create and edit files • Describe basic Pico commands Vi • Running vi • Edit mode and command mode • Vi command structure • Quitting vi • Cursor movement • Inserting text into a file • Deleting, pasting, and yanking • Search and replace commands • Working with multiple files • Customizing vi and the .exrc file Emacs • • • • • • • • Running emacs Emacs commands Quitting emacs Interrupting an emacs command Emacs windows Emacs buffers Emacs cursor commands Deleting, cutting, and pasting • The mark, the point, and the region • Undo • Searching • Emacs commands (long form) • Emacs help • File name and command completion • Customizing emacs Pico • Commands Summary Use the vi text editor to create and edit files Use the emacs text editor to create and edit files Describe basic Pico commands Lesson 4: An Arsenal of Linux Commands © 2001 ComputerPREP, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives • Copy and rename files • List files in a variety of ways using the more, less, cat, head, and tail commands • Perform a wide range of operations using Linux commands • Use network client programs for remote logon file transfer and Web browsing • Use a graphical shell and configure system parameters with linuxconf and netconf Copying, Moving, and Deleting Files • cp: copies files • mv: moves and renames files and directories • rm: deletes files File Content-Listing Commands • • • • more: views text files page by page cat: prints the contents of files onto terminal tac: prints file contents in reverse order head and tail: views the first few or last few lines of a file • nl: numbers the lines of a file • tee: writes all output into a file Simple Text File Utilities • wc: displays a count of lines, words, and characters • diff: reports differences between files • od: displays a binary file in human-readable form • strings: finds printable characters in a binary file • tee: allows instant file creating • ispell: types misspelled words from a file Miscellaneous Commands • • • • date: shows and sets time and date w: lists logon information about users cal: provides a monthly calendar bc: runs a calculator utility Network Clients • Telnet • FTP • Lynx Archiving and Compression • • • • Using tar to create and extract archives Using compress and uncompress Using gzip and gunzip using zip and unzip Midnight Commander • Limited graphical shell program that ships with Linux – Editing files The Linuxconf Utility • Limited graphical shell • Allows you to set system parameters The Netconf Utility • Calls up the Network Configurator Summary Copy and rename files List files in a variety of ways using the more, less, cat, head, and tail commands Perform a wide range of operations using Linux commands Use network client programs for remote logon file transfer and Web browsing Use a graphical shell and configure system parameters with linuxconf and netconf Lesson 5: I/O Redirection and Filters © 2001 ComputerPREP, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives • Apply the I/O redirection operators in a wide range of situations • "Glue" UNIX utilities together to use them effectively • Use the sort filter and related commands to operate on files • Use the sed, grep, and awk commands to search files and select desired fields • Deploy additional text filtering commands Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error • Standard input = issuing a command that the OS reads and processes • Standard output = first stream • Standard error = second stream I/O Redirection • • • • • I/O redirection operators Filters Pipelines Redirecting standard error Discarding standard error with /dev/null The Sort, Grep, Awk and Sed Utilities • Sort – Sorts files • Grep – Searches for patterns • Awk – Processes its own programming language • Sed – Allows file contents to be edited without opening Additional Commands • • • • • • Join Split Cut Paste Fmt Tr Summary Apply the I/O redirection operators in a wide range of situations "Glue" UNIX utilities together to use them effectively Use the sort filter and related commands to operate on files Use the sed, grep, and awk commands to search files and select desired fields Deploy additional text filtering commands Lesson 6: Working with the Shell © 2001 ComputerPREP, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives • Use shell wildcards, command history, file name completion, and job control • View and set environmental variables • Work with subshells and local shell variables • Write simple shell scripts The UNIX Shell • • • • sh—Bourne shell ksh—Korn shell csh—C shell bash—Bourne-again shell The Interactive Shell • • • • • Shell wildcards Quoting and escapes The tilde and home directories Command-line editing and command history File name completion Job Control • Foreground jobs • Background jobs • Multiple terminals The Shell as Programming Language • Shell variables • Environment variables – System path Shell Scripts • What is a shell script? – Writing a shell script – Running a shell script – The dot command • Shell scripts and the search path Subshells • Running scripts • Local variables More Shell Script Constructions • I/O for shell scripts – Terminating shell scripts • Conditionals • Loops Summary Use shell wildcards, command history, file name completion, and job control View and set environmental variables Work with subshells and local shell variables Write simple shell scripts Lesson 7: Customizing Your Logon Environment © 2001 ComputerPREP, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives • Edit the shell startup files to customize your working environment • Set up command aliases to create shortcuts • Modify the shell's default behavior by setting shell options • Customize the logon shell by installing an undelete utility Startup Files • Standard initialization file • Personal logon initialization file • Environment initialization file The Terminal Interface • Controls your terminal's treatment of special characters Shell Options • Using set -o • Using set +o • Command aliases The Safedelete Utility • safedelete: deletes files and directories • undelete: recovers files and directories The Red Hat Package Manager • Obtaining the proper RPM • Installing an RPM Summary Edit the shell startup files to customize your working environment Set up command aliases to create shortcuts Modify the shell's default behavior by setting shell options Customize the logon shell by installing an undelete utility Lesson 8: Introduction to the X-Window System © 2001 ComputerPREP, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives • Describe the main features of the X-Window system • Differentiate between X and window managers • Start X from the command line and use basic window operations • Use basic X client programs • Use X resources to customize window appearance • Conduct remote X-Window sessions What Is X-Window? • • • • X servers X clients Window managers Desktops Running X-Window • Standard Gnome menus • Starting X clients in the background • X resources Remote X-Window Sessions • Conducting a remote X session • xhost commands Summary Describe the main features of the X-Window system Differentiate between X and window managers Start X from the command line and use basic window operations Use basic X client programs Use X resources to customize window appearance Conduct remote X-Window sessions Linux Fundamentals UNIX and Linux Basics Files and Directories Text Editing with Vi, Emacs, and Pico An Arsenal of Linux Commands Linux Fundamentals I/O Redirection and Filters Working with the Shell Customizing Your Logon Environment Introduction to the X-Window System