Transcript Sample Slides - Woodland Park Zoo
Primates
PRIMATES Taxonomy and Characteristics
Mammal Taxonomy
Mammals Monotremes (5) Marsupial mammals
Order Didelphimorphia: American opossums Order Paucituberculata: shrew opossums Order Microbiotheria: monito del monte Order Notoryctemorphia: marsupial moles Order Dasyuromophia: Tasmanian devil, Thylacine, numbats Order Peramelemorphia: bandicoots and bilbies Order: Diprotodontia: kangaroos, wallabies, koala, possums
Placental mammals
Pangolins (8) Armadillos (21) Anteaters, sloths, tamanduas (10) Rabbits, hares (93) Rodents (2,277) Elephant shrews (15)
Primates (330)
Tree shrews (20) Colugos (2) Bats (1,116) Otter shrews, golden moles, tenrecs (51) Hedgehogs, moonrats, gymnures (24) Shrews, moles (428) Carnivores (287) Even-toed ungulates (240) Whales, dolphins, porpoises (84) Aardvark (1) Odd-toed ungulates (17) Hyraxes (4) Manatees, dugongs (5) Elephants (3)
Primate Distribution
Primates are found primarily in tropical regions in 92 countries around the world
Neotropics:
New World monkeys
Madagascar:
Lemurs (prosimian)
Asia:
Lorises (prosimian) Tarsiers (prosimian) Old World monkeys Gibbons/siamangs (lesser apes) Orangutans (great apes)
Africa:
Galagos (prosimian) Pottos (prosimian) Old World monkeys Gorillas (great ape) Chimps/bonobos (great ape)
Primates – evolutionary model
Bonobos Chimps Humans
5 million years ago
Gorilla s
2 million years ago 10 million years ago
Orangutans Gibbons Monkeys
15 million years ago 20 million years ago 30 million years ago
Order: Primates
One possible evolutionary model
Early prosimians
Primates – General Characteristics
The following apply to most primates:
• Opposable first digit on hands and feet • Social animals • Arboreal part or all of the time • Color vision • Omnivorous
DeBrazza’s guenons
Primates – General Characteristics
• Forward-facing eyes for stereoscopic vision (ability to judge distance) • Five digits on each limb, usually with nails • Longer gestation, reduced number of offspring • Increased complexity of brain
Drawings by Sue Cockrell
Prosimians
PRIMATES
Apes New World monkeys Old World monkeys
Prosimians
(
pro
= before,
simian
= monkey/ape)
Includes:
lemurs (Madagascar), lorises (Asia), tarsiers (Asia), pottos and bushbabies/galagos (Africa) • Primarily nocturnal • Excellent sense of smell • Smaller brains than other primates
Tarsiers Pygmy loris Red ruffed lemur photo by Katie Remine photo by Dana Payne
Monkeys
Includes
(among others): marmosets, tamarins, macaques, howler monkeys, capuchins, baboons, colobus monkeys, mandrills, spider monkeys • Primarily diurnal • Have some form of tail • Fore and hindlegs similar in length
Japanese macaque Pygmy marmoset
Old World & New World Monkeys
New World
• Inhabit neotropics in Mexico and South and Central America • Some have prehensile tails • Wide, sideways-facing nostrils
Old World
• Native to Africa and Asia • Do not have prehensile tails • Nostrils close together • Toughened rump patches
Spider monkey photo by Dana Payne DeBrazza’s guenon
Lion-tailed macaque Japanese macaque Old World Monkeys Black and white colobus monkey Patas monkeys
Pygmy marmoset photo by Ryan Hawk/WPZ Spider monkey photo by Dana Payne Goeldi’s monkey
New World Monkeys
Golden lion tamarin
Apes
Lesser apes include:
gibbons and siamangs
Great apes include:
orangutans (Asia), chimpanzees (common and bonobos) and gorillas (Africa) • Found in Africa and southeast Asia • Tails are absent • Long arms relative to body length
Siamang Mountain gorilla
Lesser Apes (family Hylobatidae)
Siamangs
Great Apes (family Pongidae)
Chimpanzees Lowland gorilla Orangutans
Apes —Locomotion
Species
Bonobo Chimpanzee Gibbons Gorilla Orangutans
Primary Locomotion Patterns
knuckle-walking knuckle-walking brachiation, bipedal walk knuckle-walking fist-walking, suspensory climbing
Siamangs Orangutans Gorilla
PRIMATES Social Structure and Behavior
Social Behavior of Primates
Primates are social animals • Only a few species are more solitary (orangutans, tarsiers, galagos)
Galago Photo by Ryan Hawk/WPZ Orangutan
Social Behavior of Primates
Strong mother-infant bond throughout the slow maturation period, during which significant learning occurs
Photo by Ryan Hawk/WPZ Golden lion tamarins Photo by Ryan Hawk/WPZ
Social Strategies of Primates
Social organization is complex and dynamic, influenced by: - age, gender, kinship, dominance ranking - short- and long-term alliances
Troop of Guinea baboons in West Africa Photo by Katie Remine
Social Strategies of Primates
Social strategies of prosimian and monkey species at Woodland Park Zoo: •
Prosimians
Red ruffed lemurs
– social structure variable: ♀ + ♂ , or multi ♀ + multi ♂ , 5 to 16 in group – diurnal, little sexual dimorphism, ♂ dominant over ♀♀ groups – nocturnal lemurs are more solitary than diurnal lemurs
Monkeys
•
Tamarins
: only dominant ♀ breeds, ♂ dominant to ♀ , 5 to 8 in group •
Macaques
: ♂ + multi ♀ or ♂♂ +multi ♀ , 4 to 30 in group •
Patas monkeys
: ♂ +multi ♀ , 5 to 34 in group, ♀♀ boundary disputes but ♂ do not join in, engage in ♀ remain with group but disperse, allomothering ♂ •
Colobus monkeys
: ♂ +multi ♀ (males have short tenure – 2 years), 7 to 11 in group, allomothering common
Social Strategies of Apes
Gorillas Photo by Ryan Hawk/WPZ
Primates – Communication
Social interactions require a variety of modes of communication: • Olfactory – scent marking, pheromones for sexual interaction • Tactile – grooming, touching • Visual – facial expression, tail position, body posture, piloerection, hand gestures • Auditory – calls and vocalizations
Red ruffed lemurs Patas monkeys
Primates – Tool Use
• A tool is an object that can be manipulated to complete a task • Apes are capable of altering objects to facilitate a task (tool making) • All of the great apes have been observed using tools in the wild; bonobos, chimpanzees and orangutans have been observed making tools
Gorilla Photo by Dennis Dow/WPZ
Primates – Culture
• Culture is considered to be a set of behavioral traits passed on through learning • Culture in apes is reflected through variations between populations of apes in: – Hunting behaviors – Tool-making and tool use • Juveniles often learn behaviors from adults, observing and practicing over a long period of time
Chimpanzees at Mahale Gorilla Tanzania Photo by Katie Remine
Primates – Culture:
Chimpanzee cultural variation across long-term study sites
Gorilla
Threats to Primates
• Deforestation • Hunted for meat and skins • Captured for pet trade • Killed in retribution for raiding crops • Susceptible to human diseases • Parts used in traditional medicine
Gorilla Forest understory, West Africa
More to learn!
• New species are being discovered and new information is uncovered about primate behavior every year.
• This understanding can inspire deeper appreciation and protection for the world’s primates.
Gorilla Photo by Katie Remine
Woodland Park Zoo 2013
All photos by K. Remine/M. White/J. Mears unless otherwise noted.
All WPZ photos property of Woodland Park Zoo. All rights reserved.