Transcript 幻灯片 1
Post-colonialism Post-colonialism is a relatively new approach to the study of international relation, which is entered the field only in the 1990s. Untile 1990s, IR relied on just a few key theories mainly realism liberalism Marxism The new entrants stretched the field by refusing the idea that nation-states are always the key actors in IR-Great Powers- and emphasizing the many locations and relations that could be considered as IR. This chapter traces the development of post-colonial thought and ends by using the more current term, postcolonial studies to refer to the discipline in htep resent era. Former colonies face international relations IR has not traditionaly been intersted in investigating relations of dominance and subordination in the world. Implicitly the worldview of IR was European and North American. From the end of Second World War onwards, considerable activity in International Relations revolved around “Decolonization”. More than 60 colonies achieved independence as states and member of UN by the mid-1960s. Many colonial countries prepare to choose right side. The order of priorities was totally unacceptable to radical leaders in Cuba, China, and Indonesia, who believed that former colonies should carve out their own destinies. Bandung Conference Tricontinental Conference. Influenced strongly by cold war foreign policies of the West, international relations was largely complicit in the American effort to isolate tricontinental thinkers as dangerous pro-communist , anti-American agitator. Journal---Tricontinental The journal contributors were from different continents, cultures, and experiences, and yet they commonly wrote about the dominance of Euro-American politics, history and power in ways that distorted or erased other knowledges from the history books. Franz Fanon The stress in Fanon’s work is on the power of colonial discoursed to colonize the minds of all involved. This meant that European colonizers would see their exercise of dominating power as justified and colonized societies would come to accept and internalize the diminished and subordinate status imposed on them. Violence becomes the only tool that can drive out those insulting message and free the colonized to achieve self-defined identity and national consciousness. ---“the wretched of the earth” As these early writing comes out, IR approached the phenomenon of new states in the 1960s and 1970s not through the work of third world intellectuals but often through an analysis of radical North-South politics that were emerging International Relation. IR researchers began paying more attention to postcolonial states in the 1970s, but did so by narrowly framing research around threats posed to an established world order managed by developed states. Top-Down initiatives: Society might be spoken about in various missives, but everyday lives were not explored in ways that could yield fuller pictures of colonial experiences. It was only when post-colonial studies developed as a named academic field in the 1980s that the early writings and activities of anti-colonial thinkers could be put into a larger context of local resistance, disruption, and lives of everyday people in post-colonial settings, partcularly women’s lives. Revising history, filling gaps Post colonialism was heavily influenced by research trends in India—Subaltern studies It study India not through the eyes of its former colonial power or local leaders, but study history and culture of people at the lowest levels of Indian society-the subalterns Uncultivated terrain—no historical “data” on subaltern people. One avenue to study neglected groups live is : Analyze colonial and post-colonial fictional literatures, travelogues, and diaries—Central methodology of postcolonial study. Orientalism Edward Said: Orientalism considers the ways that the Middle east and Asia are represented in Western novels, biographies, and artworks. ?????? Said believed the perceived the oddities of Oriental culture gain far more significance than would usually be the case in IR. However the attraction and distrust kept the orientalized middle east and Asia impossibily distant from European. Said notes that Orientalists show little interest in imaginative literatures by Oriental writers. The implicit goal, which repeats across time in politics, media was to reaffirm cultural difference subordinate to Western intenational relations. Criticism It represents colonized people through stories written by western men. It can not accommodate the views of Western women, who were also physically present in Middle Eastern and Asian countries, and whose writings can call into question the dominant masculine representation. Research than draws on fiction is still not prominent in the field of IR. Fiction lies outside usual social-science standards of correct “data” 1.that is information gathered from factual source that is evaluated using approved methods. Such as statistical analysis of secondary data on countries’ development 2. It has specialized in abstract theories and studies that focus on concepts such as the state, state system, power, markets, international organizations, and foreign policy. It has not imagined ways in which daily aspects of life can shape and be shaped by IR. 做表格 Culture is another topic that IR has had difficulty apprehending. 做表格 Cold w Post-colonial scholoship within IR has helped to challenge those “rules’, in part by applying literary, critical, interpretive, and cultural oriented concerns to the study of IR. Also some have address core research topics of IR (security, war, economy) through fieldwork with groups that have rarely if ever been considered salient to the discipline. ---women survivors of rape during the Bangladesh war, Korean sex workers. Problems Gayatri Spivak (1998, post-colonial scholar, feminist) Whether the subaltern can even speak to social science interviewers from the west. As it is hard for western researcher, from another class than subaltern—which includes most members of the subaltern studies group and later post-colonial analysis– to hear the subaltern without putting her words and experiences into familiar Western frameworks. World-travelling It is a post-colonial methodology striveds to achieve a space of mutual understanding using the tool of empathy, which is the ability to enter into the spirit of a different experience and find in ti an in it an echo of some part of oneself. Becoming Post-Colonial Hybrid identities—partly local partly Western. Hybridity opens new directions of history, identity and politics. It becomes difficult to maintain the notion that the West is entirely different from the former colonial areas of the world, when its knowledge is taken on in hybrid ways by those who have been thought of as conquerable of passive. OPEC/ Dissemi Nations Ideas can also travel through the various channels of the information revolurion, directly or via film, fashion, books, art. So it can be difficult to conceive of one majority identity that could dominate any other anywhere. Global South Global South exists in various forms within and across former colonial powers. • • People of the South migrate in great numbers to northern countries, which reverses the pattern of colonial period. Information flows more easily to the south and cultures interpenetrate It becomes difficult to identify a cluster of traits that clearly demarcates one culture from another. This trends complicate international relations and challenge IR to develop theories and methodologies that tap into contradictions of our time. Main contribution of Post-colonialist: 1. To bring historical relations of colonial powers with colonies into the study of IR 2. To provide view and theories of those relations from the perspective of colonized people rather than from the perspective of Great Power alone. 3. To encourage the use of novels, poetry, diaries and testimonials as sources of valuable information on the nature of colonialism and post-colonialism.