Transcript Advent of the Air Age: World War I

Airpower Through
The Post Cold War
(Part 2)
1
Overview
 Video Clip/Beyond the Wild Blue
 Operation PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN WATCH
• Background to conflict and lessons learned
 Operation SOUTHERN WATCH
• Background to conflict and lessons learned
 Operation PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE
• Background to conflict and lessons learned
 History of the Balkans
• Background
• Ethnic Groups
2
Overview
 Operation DENY FLIGHT
• Background to conflict and lessons learned
 Operation ALLIED FORCE
• Background
• NATO Actions
• Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins
 Operation ALLIED FORCE
• Lessons learned by U.S. Military
• Political Lessons Learned
• Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget
 CFD Review
3
“Beyond the Wild Blue”
Video
4
“Beyond the Wild Blue”
5
The Crisis in Iraq
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UN Security Council established a “no-fly
zone” over northern Iraq to protect the Kurdish
people from attacks by Saddam Hussein
Operation Provide Comfort began on 5 Apr 91
as a humanitarian relief effort to deliver food,
clothing, and supplies to Iraq’s Kurdish
refugees
C-130s began airdropping supplies on 7 Apr 91
Lasted approximately eight years and was then
replaced by Operation Northern Watch
6
The Crisis in Iraq
Lessons Learned - ONW
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The need to avoid “Fratricide”
The limitations of airdrops
Host-country tensions
The need for alternate bases
Lack of an “exit strategy”
7
The Crisis in Iraq
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Operation Southern Watch (OSW) was a
Combined Task Force enforcing the “no-fly
zone” below the 36th parallel in southern Iraq
Not an aggression against Iraq – executed as
a self-defense measure
Coalition partners included the U.S., UK,
France, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait
More than 850 Iraqi SAM and AAA fire
directed at coalition aircraft
Iraq violated the “no-fly zone” more than 160
times
More than 150,000 USAF sorties by 1998
8
“What we’ve effectively done since
1992 is conduct an air occupation
of a country…”
Gen Fogleman, Jul 1995
9
The Crisis in Iraq
Lessons Learned - OSW
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Became a test for USAF AEF
concept in Oct 1995
Quality of life changes needed
due to high “Ops-Tempo”
Reorganized Security Forces
10
The Crisis in Somalia
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In-mid 1992, drought and civil war
devastated Somalia
Food supplies became a weapon of war
Operation Provide Relief began on 22
Aug 1992 by the U.S. to deliver food to
Somali refugees
Military and civilian aircraft used
Over 2,000 sorties, carrying 48,162 metric
tons of food
11
The Crisis in Somalia
 Although a humanitarian effort:
 44 American soldiers lost their lives
 175 were injured or wounded
 Danger of failure due to warlord interference
 Operation Restore Hope
 Coalition peacekeeping operation from 9 Dec 92 –
4 May 93
 First test of Rapid Global Mobility from the CONUS
12
The Crisis in Somalia
Lessons Learned
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First large scale test of newly formed AMC
and the Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC)
Difficulties evolved in the planning,
coordinating and managing of the operation
Austere infrastructure of Somalia added to
the lack of adequate bases for strategic
airlift aircraft
13
A Brief History
- After World War II, monarchy abolished
-Communist Party leader Tito proclaimed
-the country the Federal People's Republic
-of Yugoslavia, with himself as prime
-minister
- Eliminating opposition, the Tito
government executed Mihajlovic in 1946
- Tito died in 1980, and the fragility of the
federation he ruled quickly became
apparent
Tito
14
Three ethnic groups fell
into conflict
Serbs - dominant in Yugoslavia's politics
and army, orthodox Christianity makes them
natural allies of Russia.
Croats - Roman Catholics, closer to the
West than Serbs and exposed to Western
influences
Muslims - living mainly in ethnically mixed
towns and cities in Bosnia -Herzegovina.
15
16
The Crisis in Bosnia
 Oct 1992, UN Security Council Resolution 781,
established a no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina.
 Operation Deny Flight
•
Enforced the no-fly zone
• Provided close air support to UN troops
• Conducted approved air strikes under a "dual-key”
command arrangement with the U.N.
 28 Feb 94, NATO aircraft shot down four warplanes
violating the no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina
• This was the first military engagement ever undertaken
by the Alliance.
17
The Crisis in Bosnia
 NATO objectives
• Bosnian Serb compliance to cease attacks on
Sarajevo and other safe areas
• Withdrawal of Bosnian Serb heavy weapons
from the total exclusion zone around Sarajevo
• Complete freedom of movement for UN Forces
and personnel, and non-government officials
• Unrestricted use of Sarajevo airport
18
The Crisis in Bosnia
 NATO missions of Operation Deny Flight
• To conduct aerial monitoring and enforce
compliance with UN Security Council Resolution
816
• To provide close air support to UN troops on the
ground at the request of, and controlled by, UN
forces.
• To conduct approved air strikes against
designated targets threatening the security of the
UN-declared safe areas.
19
The Crisis in Bosnia
 Operation Deny Flight lasted from 12 Apr
1993 to 20 Dec 1995
• Almost 100,000 sorties flown
 A formal closure ceremony was held in
Vicenza, Italy on 21 Dec 1995
• Forces associated with Operation Deny Flight
were then transferred to Operation Decisive
Endeavor -- as part of the overall NATO
operation Joint Endeavor.
20
The Crisis in Bosnia
Lessons Learned
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Lack of doctrine
Tactical air and space power
problems
Bases weren’t large enough to
accept the contingency surges
Coalition/Joint problems
Technological problems
21
KOSOVO
22
Kosovo Crisis
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Kosovo lies in southern Serbia and has a
mixed population of which the majority are
ethnic Albanians (Muslims)
Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic altered
the status of the region, removing its
autonomy and bringing it under the direct
control of Belgrade, the Serbian capital
The Kosovar Albanians strenuously
opposed the move
23
U.S. and NATO Interests
at stake

Serb aggression threatened peace
throughout the Balkans and the stability of
NATO’s SE region

Belgrade’s repression in Kosovo created a
humanitarian crisis of staggering
proportions

President Milosevic’s conduct directly
challenged the credibility of NATO
24
NATO Action
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After the failure of repeated international
diplomatic efforts since the Spring of 1998 to
peacefully resolve the conflict in Kosovo
North Atlantic Council decided on 23 March
1999 to authorize NATO air strikes
Aimed at strategic targets in the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, to end the
repression of Kosovar Albanians by the
Yugoslav government.
25
NATO’s Objectives

A stop to all military action and the
immediate ending of violence and
repression;
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The withdrawal from Kosovo of the
military, police and paramilitary forces;
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The stationing in Kosovo of an
international military presence
26
NATO’s Objectives cont’d

The unconditional and safe return of all
refugees and displaced persons
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Establish political framework agreement for
Kosovo in conformity with international law
27
Military Objective
“Degrade and damage the military and
security structure President Milosevic has
used to depopulate and destroy the Albanian
majority in Kosovo”
William Cohen, SECDEF
15 April 99
28
NATO Strategic Objectives
 Demonstrate seriousness of their
opposition to Belgrade’s aggression in
Balkans
 Deter Milosevic’s attacks on helpless
civilians and reverse ethnic cleansing
 Damage Serbia’s capacity to wage war
against Kosovo
29
Lessons Learned on
Kosovo War Objectives
U.S. Grand Strategy
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Maintain a peaceful,
prosperous U.S.-led
Europe
Convince NATO to
transition from old
Cold War common
defense against
external threats to new
Continental security
coalition
Persuade NATO to
acquire means and
will to conduct “out of
area” military ops
European Strategy
Kosovo War Aims

Stop the Serbian
slaughter &
expulsion of ethnic
Albanians
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Remove Milosevic
from power
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Accomplish the
above with minimal
collateral damage
and NATO casualties

Maintain a peaceful,
prosperous &
independent Europe
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Prevent spillover into
Albania &
Macedonia,thence to
Greece & Turkey

Maintain NATO
relationship with
Russia and give it a
role in helping end the
crisis
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Demonstrate
European unity
Common Effort Concealed Widely Differing Objectives30
Lessons Learned by
U.S. Military
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U.S. air refuelers were stretched thin during the
operation
Force structure “numbers” & resources are
inadequate for current level of commitments (all
services); Support and training as important to
victory as strike
Older platforms with smart weapons may be seen as
good enough, smart weapons may be better than
smart platforms
Need the right force structure for the future
C4ISR is currently the weakest link in joint &
coalition ops
On the brink of another hollow force
31
Political Lessons Learned by
Europeans
 Militarily, Europe remains dependent on Americans
• Best technology, weapons & platforms “Made in U.S.A.”
• Pols unwilling to pay the cost of matching unique U.S. capabilities
 U.S. cannot always be counted on to serve the Alliance’s
interests
• U.S. focus shifted with opinion polls
• Fear U.S. commitment could falter if U.S. forces take heavy casualties
 EU can provide diplomatic muscle (Martti Ahtisaari saves the
day) Many foreign policy interests are similar among EU Nations
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Refugee issue
Humanitarian (ethnic cleansing)
Threat of rising Islamic fundamentalism
Need to build external identity
 Europe can overcome internal diversity to maintain cohesion
• German Luftwaffe conducted first combat missions since 1945
• Greece provided logistical support despite popular opposition
• Italy and France (which have Communist ministers) offered air bases
32
Impact of Kosovo Lessons Learned
on Future DOD Budget Trends
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No DOD/Allied spending surge like
post Desert Storm
International defense market
continues to shrink
Readiness & Retention will
increasingly consume $$$$ for
Modernization
Inevitable Tax Cut legislation will
further erode DOD budgets
Services must eventually deal with
the bow wave
Old platforms with smart weapons
were good enough
Congress may balk at big bills for
new platforms(JSF, F-22, CVX, DD21)
Support Forces will need big $$$$
too
“We have to make a trade between
smart weapons and platforms...We
need to encourage the services to
concentrate more on smart
weapons.”
Jacques Gansler
33
Review of CFD Model

Distinctive Capabilities-Air and space
expertise, capabilities, and technological
know-how

Functions- Broad, fundamental, and
continuing activities of air and space power

Doctrine- fundamental principles which
military forces guide their actions in support
of national objectives
34
CFD Model
Time Period
Distinctive
Capabilities
Functions
(missions)
Doctrinal Emphasis
DESERT
STORM
Air Superiority
Precision Engagement
Global Attack
Information
Superiority
Agile Combat Support
Rapid Global Mobility
Strategic Attack
Air Refueling
Command and Control (C2)
Counterair
Surveillance and Reconnaissance
 Strategic air attack
(precision
weapons/stealth)
 Suppress enemy air
defenses
PROVIDE
COMFORT/
NORTHERN
WATCH
Rapid Global Mobility
Air Superiority
Airlift
Counter Air
Strategic attack
Surveillance and Reconnaissance
 Protect northern Iraqi
no fly zone
 Humanitarian airdrops
for refugees
SOUTHERN
WATCH
Precision Engagement
Air Superiority
Counter Air
Strategic attack
Surveillance and Reconnaissance
 Theater attack, of
military targets
PROVIDE
RELIEF/
RESTORE
HOPE
Rapid Global Mobility
Global Attack
Air Superiority
Agile Combat Support
Surveillance & Reconnaissance
Counter Air/Land
Strategic Attack
Airlift/Special Operations
AEF concept
Strategic Attack
Humanitarian airdrops
35
for refugees
CFD Model
Time Period
Distinctive
Capabilities
Functions
(missions)
Doctrinal Emphasis
DENY
FLIGHT
Air Superiority
Information
Superiority
Agile Combat
Support
Counterair
Surveillance and
Reconnaissance
Counterland
 No defined doctrine
ALLIED
FORCE
Air Superiority
Precision
Engagement
Strategic Attack
Counterland
Intelligence
 Strategic attacks on
ethnic cleansing Serbs
and military
capabilities
36
Summary
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Background to the Conflict
Iraqi threats
Air Defense Threat
The Plan of Attack
Concept of Operations
Five Strategic Rings
Targets
Campaign Overview
Video Clip/Beyond the Wild Blue
37
Summary
 Operation PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN
WATCH
• Background to conflict and lessons learned
 Operation SOUTHERN WATCH
• Background to conflict and lessons learned
 Operation PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE
• Background to conflict and lessons learned
 History of the Balkans
• Background
• Ethnic Groups
38
Summary
 Operation DENY FLIGHT
• Background to conflict and lessons learned
 Operation ALLIED FORCE
• Background
• NATO Actions
• Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins
 Operation ALLIED FORCE
• Lessons learned by U.S. Military
• Political Lessons Learned
• Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget
 CFD Review
39