Cold war: Conflict between US and SU
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Transcript Cold war: Conflict between US and SU
** neither side confronted each other on a battle field
COLD WAR: CONFLICT BETWEEN US AND
SU
Yalta- FDR, Churchill, Stalin
Potsdam- Truman, Clement, Stalin
UNITED NATIONS
50 nations,
General assembly
Responsible for peace keeping
“Big 5”
Soviets control of Eastern Europe
Satellite nation: reflect views or dominated by
USSR (communist)
East Germany, Czech, Hungary, Romania,
Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Albania, Poland
IRON CURTAIN
Barrier separating politics between Eastern
Europe and Western Europe
Containment:
Stop the spread of communism
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
Turkey and Greece
Providing aid to any country in the world
fighting against communism
MARSHALL PLAN
Secretary of state George Marshall
$17 billion to rebuild Europe
Aid against hunger, poverty, DESPARATION,
CHAOS
Make sure economy is stable so communists
would not have an opportunity to take over
GERMANY REUNIFICATION P. 605
Western Germany (four zones)
Eastern German (one zone)
Yalta, Potsdam conferences
BERLIN AIRLIFT
No written agreement to have access to East
Berlin
SU blocked East Berlin
Enough supplies for 5 weeks
Berlin Airlif
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Western Europe
Military alliance
Soviet response- Warsaw Pact (countries listed
on page 1)
CHINA
Chiang Kai-Shek vs Mao Zedong
US supports by sending $2 billion to China
Nationalists weak military and corrupt government
Peasants drawn to communist side
Shek over run by communist party
Flees to Taiwan
China now communist
Est of People’s Republic of China
Containment failed!
KOREA
Japan took over in 1910 and left in 1945
North of the 38th parallel belong to the soviets
Two zones (one communist and one democratic)
1948, Republic of Korea (South Korea) occupied
by the US
South Korea led by Syngman Rhee based in Seoul
1950- NK invaded SK
UN- assist NK
16 nations sent aid to SK- 90% US troops led
by General Douglas MacArthur
NK control in SK up to Pusan Peninsula
Counteroffensive by China- led by Mao, able to
get Seoul
China now in the war on NK side
MacArthur wanted to invade and blockade
China
TRUMAN FEARS SOVIET INTERVENTION
China had a mutual pact with Soviets
Attacking China would set off WWIII
MacArthur: Unconditional surrender of NK
MacArthur criticism; MacArthur fired
Summer 1951, Korean War- stalemate
Congress did not declare war, Truman sent
troops along with the UN
KOREA CEASE FIRE
Soviets pushed for seize fire June 23, 1951
Truce talks July 1951
July 1953, armistice signed
Effects of war:
54,000 US soldiers died
$67 billion
Unsuccessful
war, public opinion look down on
Democrat Party (Truman)
KOREA TODAY
NORTH KOREA AND SOUTH KOREA
North Korea- Communist
Kim Jong-Un
South Korea- Democratic
Park Geun-hye
TRUMAN NUCLEAR ARMS RACE
Nuclear arms race began with Truman
US creates the first atomic bomb
Soviets detonates atomic bomb in 1947
Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) 67x what was
dropped on Hiroshima- detonated in September
1,1952
Soviets sucessfully create H-bomb in 1953
NUCLEAR ARMS RACE
Truman Presidency- US vs SU who can have the
most deadliest nuclear weapon
Soviets successful detonate atomic bomb in 1947
US responds with Hydrogen bomb (67x power of
bomb dropped on Hiroshima)
Who will be the first to produce Hydrogen bomb??
November 1, 1952 US won the race
Less than a year later, Soviets will produce H-bomb
DWIGHT EISENHOWER- REPUBLICAN
1953-1961
34th president
Graduated from West Point
Five-Star general in WWII
First supreme commander NATO
Army Chief of Staff under Truman
EISENHOWER
1953 president
Secretary of State John Foster Dulles- moral
crusade against communists
Use
nuclear weapons and force to contain
communism
Go to the edge of an all out war (threat of
nuclear warfare)- BRINKMANSHIP
Expanded Air Force (the ones to deliver the
bombs)
EISENHOWER AND BRINKMANSHIP
Eisenhower’s containment foreign policy:
Brinkmanship (go to the edge of an all out war;
use the threat of nuclear attack)
US trimmed its army and navy and expanded its
air force and build up nuclear weapons
AIR RAID DRILLS
Common under Eisenhower’s administration
School drills
Families built underground fallout shelters
Fear of nuclear war
“Duck and Cover”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q899D06W53k
GENEVA SUMMIT
July 1955, Eisenhower calls a meeting with
Stalin
“open skies”- fly against each other’s territory
to make sure no surprise attacks
Step toward peace?
SUEZ CRISIS
1955
GB and US agreed to help Egypt finance construction of
a dam at Aswan on the Nile River
Gamal Abdel-Nasser- head of Egypt’s gov
Relations with SU and US
US found out-Dulles removed loan offer
Nasser nationalized Suez Canal (owned by Frace and
GB)
Nasser would not let ships bound to Israel pass through
GB, France and Israel sent in troops to Med end of canal
UN stepped in- Egypt control of canal
MIDDLE EAST
Middle east- the “neutral” countries in between
Western (democratic) and Eastern (communist)
countries
Most countries did not favor Israel, so sided
with Egypt in Suez Crisis
Eisenhower issued his doctrine (Eisenhower
Doctrine) in January 1957: US would defend
the Middle East against an attack by an
communist country.
HUNGARY
Dominated by SU after WWII
1956- wanted to be democratic
Imre Nagy- Hungarian leader
Read Hungarian Uprising on page 625
How does this incident compare to what is
happening in Ukraine?
http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/03/14
/russia-says-it-has-right-to-intervene-afterdeadly-violence-in-ukraine/
CIA AND COVERT ACTIONS
Eisenhower’s administration relied upon
National Security Council and the Central
Intelligence Agency
Spies to gather information abroad
Covert (secret) operations to weaken or
overthrow governments that the US thought
were a threat to democracy
Head of CIA- Allen Dulles (sec of state’s
brother)
STALIN DIES
1953 Stalin died from heart attack
Nikita Khruschev
“communism
Space
take over the world peacefully”
Race
October,
1957- Soviets launched Sputnik, world’s first
satellite to travel around the earth.
Triumph in Soviet technology
Americans shocked, poured money into space programs,
NASA
American public worried- long range ballistic missiles
now able to reach US
US first attempt to launch satellite, embarrassing
January 1958, US launch first satellite successfully
Sputnik
Not Sputnik
RESPONSE TO SPUTNIK
NASA- National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
NDEA- National Defense Education Act
response
to the Soviet launch of Sputnik
To help ensure that highly trained individuals would
be available to help America compete with the
Soviet Union
improvement of science, mathematics, and foreign
language instruction
DOMINO THEORY- THOUGHT THROUGH MUCH OF
COLD WAR
a communist victory in one nation would
quickly lead to a chain reaction of communist
takeovers in neighboring states
This theory was later used in Southeast Asia for
support of South Vietnam
EISENHOWER’S FAREWELL ADDRESS TO
NATION
Military Industrial Complex
Do not mix close partnership with industry
(business) and military
Business
will start to determine military actions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8y06NSBBRtY
RADIO FREE EUROPE
Another way to combat communism
Provide news to Eastern Europe or Middle East
where
the free flow of information is either banned
by government authorities or not fully developed
US government funds the radio station 1949
Music and uncensored news, broadcasting
USSR tried to stop and spent more money
trying to stop it than we spent trying to fund it
JOHN F. KENNEDY
Navy- south pacific in WWII
Senate
Sep 26, 1960 Kennedy-Nixon TV Debate
youth and charm, marks a turning point in the
election
1960- 35th president
1960-1963 presidency
Assassinated
KENNEDY’S FOREIGN POLICY
Flexible response- redefine the nation’s nuclear
strategy
Opposite from Eisenhower’s mass
retaliation/brinkmanship policy
The US would have more ways to handle
aggressions rather than nuclear weapons
More
money in ground troops
FLEXIBLE RESPONSE
Increase defense spending in order to boost
conventional military forces- nonnuclear
Troops,
ships, and artillery
Elite branch of the army: Special Forces or Green
Berets
US now able to fight limited wars while maintaining
nuclear balance of power (avoid suicide)
U.S. Budget, 1950-2010
Percentage Spent on Defense
1950
1960
32%
52%
2010
2000
17%
19%
COVERT OPERATIONS IN CUBA
Batista Cuban leader
US mafia owned most of Cuban businesses
Castro- young, lawyer (personally disgusted with
Cuba’s situation)
Red-light districts, casinos, restaurants, etc
Cuban Revolution 1953-1959
US helped Castro because of promise of
Democracy
CASTRO
Seized three American and British refineries
Broke up commercial lands used for sugar
plantations- (US made profits from this)
Wanted
America’s strong hold on Cuba out
US trade embargo (sugar)
Cuba looks towards Soviets for assistance
Some Cubans saw Castro as a dictator
10%
exiles- Miami, Fl