Transcript Document

Education at a Glance
2014
Belgium / Flanders
1
%
China
South Africa
Indonesia
Brazil
Turkey
Italy
Chile
Mexico
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Colombia
Austria
Hungary
Poland
Slovenia
Greece
Germany
Latvia
EU21 average
France
Spain
OECD average
Netherlands
Denmark
Iceland
Belgium
Sweden
Switzerland
Estonia
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Ireland
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Australia
Korea
United States
Israel
Japan
Canada
Russian Federation
In 2012 around 35% of the adult population in B held
a tertiary qualification
2000
Chart A1.1
Percentage of tertiary-educated adults in 2000 and 2012
2012
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fl has a wide distribution of literacy proficiency across
education levels…
Chart A1.4
Mean literacy score, by educational attainment (2012)
Below upper secondary education
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education
320
300
280
260
240
220
Russian Federation
Italy
Spain
Estonia
Canada
Korea
Ireland
Denmark
Germany
France
Slovak Republic
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Austria
Poland
Average
United States
Norway
Flanders (Belgium)
Czech Republic
Australia
Sweden
Finland
Netherlands
Japan
200
…but the low- and mid-educated do rather poorly
Chart A1.5
Percentage of adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4/5, by educational attainment (2012)
Below upper secondary education
%
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Italy
Spain
Russian Federation
Korea
Slovak Republic
Estonia
Denmark
France
Ireland
Germany
Austria
Canada
Poland
Average
Czech Republic
United States
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Flanders (Belgium)
Norway
Australia
Sweden
Netherlands
Finland
Japan
0
Younger adults perform better in literacy proficiency
than older adults
Chart A1.6
Percentage of younger and older adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4 or 5 in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) (2012)
25-34 year-olds
%
40
55-64 year-olds
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Italy
Spain
Slovak Republic
Russian Federation
Ireland
Austria
France
Korea
Poland
Czech Republic
United States
Germany
Estonia
Denmark
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Average
Canada
Australia
Norway
Flanders (Belgium)
Sweden
Netherlands
Japan
Finland
0
In Fl only 71% completes upper sec education within the
theoretical duration, an extra 16% within two extra years
Chart A2.4
Successful completion of upper secondary programmes (N: theoretical duration of the programmes)
%
Completion after N years
Completion after N+2 years
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Luxembourg
Iceland
Norway
France
Denmark
Spain
Netherlands
Mexico
Chile
Italy
United Kingdom
New Zealand
Finland
Belgium (Fl.)
Austria
OECD average
Turkey
Sweden
Canada
Slovenia
Poland
Estonia
Hungary
Greece
United States
Israel
Slovak Republic
Ireland
Japan
Korea
0
The successful upper secondary completion rate of boys
in Fl is only 65%, below OECD average (girls 77%)
Chart A2.5
Successful completion of upper secondary programmes, by gender (N: theoretical duration of the programmes)
%
Girls completion after N years
Boys completion after N years
100
80
60
40
20
Luxembourg
Iceland
Spain
France
Denmark
Mexico
Norway
Netherlands
Chile
United Kingdom
Finland
New Zealand
Italy
Sweden
OECD average
Austria
Slovenia
Canada
Belgium (Fl.)
Turkey
Estonia
Poland
Hungary
Greece
United States
Slovak Republic
Ireland
Israel
Japan
Korea
0
In B the median age of finishing university is 22, the lowest
age across OECD countries
Chart A3.1
Average age of graduates at ISCED 5A level and age distribution (2012)
20% of first degree graduates are below…
Tertiary-type A programmes (first degree)
80% of first degree graduates are below…
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
Belgium
United Kingdom
Indonesia
Netherlands
Mexico
Luxembourg
Germany
Korea
Ireland
Canada
Estonia
Greece
Turkey
Poland
Slovak Republic
Switzerland
EU 21 average
Slovenia
Italy
Portugal
Hungary
Australia
OECD average
Latvia
Austria
New Zealand
Spain
Czech Republic
Norway
Denmark
Chile
Finland
Israel
Sweden
Brazil
Iceland
20
In Fl 45% of adults have the same education as their
parents…
Chart A4.3
- SQ
Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is the same as (status quo) that of their parents
Status quo: Tertiary education
Status quo: Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
%
70
Status quo: Below upper secondary education
60
50
40
30
20
10
Finland
Russian Federation
Korea
Sweden
Estonia
Flanders (Belgium)
Australia
Canada
Netherlands
France
Ireland
Norway
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Japan
Denmark
Average
Poland
United States
Spain
Austria
Germany
Slovak Republic
Italy
Czech Republic
0
…while 47% are more educated than their parents, a
comparatively high figure
Chart A4.3
- Mob
Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than (upward mobility) or lower than (downward mobility)
that of their parents
%
Downward mobility
Upward mobility
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Russian
Federation
Korea
Finland
Flanders
(Belgium)
France
Ireland
Poland
Netherlands
Canada
Estonia
Sweden
Japan
Australia
Average
Spain
England/N.
Ireland (UK)
Denmark
Norway
Italy
Slovak
Republic
United States
Austria
Germany
Czech
Republic
0
Only 5.75% of tertiary education students come from loweducated families (which count for 18% of population)
Proportion of young students (20-34 year-olds) in tertiary education whose parents have below upper secondary education
%
Proportion of parents with below upper secondary education in the total parent population
60
50
40
30
20
10
Spain
Italy
Ireland
Netherlands
Australia
Korea
France
Average
Flanders
(Belgium)
Denmark
England/N.
Ireland (UK)
Sweden
Austria
Slovak
Republic
Finland
Russian
Federation*
United States
Norway
Canada
Poland
Estonia
Germany
Japan
Czech
Republic
0
Fl belongs to countries with relatively less equitable
access to tertiary education and around average mobility
Mobility
Odds A4
Relationship between the share of upward mobility among 25-34 year-olds and the relative likelihood among 20-34 year-olds of participating in
tertiary education by parents’ educational attainment (values in reverse order)
Upward mobility
70
less equitable access
high educational mobility
more equitable access
high educational mobility
Korea
60
50
Italy
Ireland
France
40
Poland
Netherlands
Australia
Flanders
England/N. Ireland
Average
30
Denmark
Japan
US
20
Germany
Austria
Canada
Sweden
Estonia
less equitable access
low educational mobility
10
10
9
Finland
Spain
Norway
more equitable access
low educational mobility
8
7
6
5
Odds ratio
4
3
2
1
Greece
Turkey
Korea
Spain
Italy
Hungary
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Japan
Ireland
Slovak Republic
United States
Mexico
Canada
Portugal
Estonia
Russian Federation
EU 21 average
OECD average
Czech Republic
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Chile
Finland
France
Australia
Belgium
Below upper secondary education
Poland
Luxembourg
Israel
Slovenia
Brazil
Latvia
Denmark
Austria
Netherlands
Germany
Sweden
Switzerland
%
Norway
Iceland
In B the employment penalty for the low-educated is
high (<50% employment rate)…
Chart A5.1
Employment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2012)
Tertiary education
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
0
Slovak Republic
Spain
Czech Republic
Greece
Ireland
Latvia
Hungary
Estonia
Poland
EU21 average
Portugal
United States
Slovenia
2005
France
OECD average
Germany
Sweden
Italy
Russian Federation
2012
Belgium
Finland
Canada
United Kingdom
Israel
Denmark
%
Turkey
Switzerland
Austria
Iceland
Netherlands
New Zealand
Luxembourg
Australia
Chile
Norway
Brazil
Mexico
Korea
…but their unemployment rate has been remarkably
stable during the crisis
Chart A5.2
- BS
Unemployment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2005, 2010 and 2012)
Below upper secondary education
2010
50
40
30
20
10
Greece
Spain
Portugal
Turkey
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Estonia
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
EU21 average
France
OECD average
Canada
2005
Poland
Denmark
United States
Mexico
Chile
Israel
2012
New Zealand
Sweden
Hungary
Finland
United Kingdom
Belgium
%
20
Luxembourg
Japan
Netherlands
Iceland
Brazil
Korea
Australia
Russian Federation
Switzerland
Czech Republic
Germany
Austria
Norway
Unemployment rate for tertiary educated is relatively
low in B and decreasing
Chart A5.2
-T
Unemployment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2005, 2010 and 2012)
Tertiary education
2010
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
The net public return on investment for a man in tertiary education in
B is higher (174 000 USD) than the net private return (123 000 USD)
Chart A7.1
Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2010)
Private net returns
Public net returns
500 000
450 000
350 000
300 000
250 000
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
Turkey
Denmark
Spain
Estonia
Sweden
New Zealand
Greece
Korea
Japan
Canada
Slovak Republic
Poland
Norway
Israel
Czech Republic
France
Australia
Finland
OECD average
Portugal
EU21 average
Austria
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Italy
Belgium
Slovenia
Germany
United States
Hungary
0
Ireland
Equivalent USD
400 000
The public benefit for a woman attaining tertiary
education in B is the highest of all OECD countries
Chart A7.3
Public costs and benefits for a woman attaining tertiary education (2010)
Direct cost
Foregone taxes on earnings
Grants effect
Income tax effect
Social contribution effect
Transfers effect
Costs
Unemployment effect
Benefits
250 000
200 000
100 000
50 000
0
-50 000
-100 000
-150 000
Belgium
Ireland
Slovenia
United Kingdom
Hungary
United States
Austria
Netherlands
Portugal
Australia
Italy
Greece
Germany
OECD average
EU21 average
France
Poland
Czech Republic
Canada
Spain
Slovak Republic
Norway
Finland
Estonia
Turkey
Israel
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
Sweden
-200 000
Denmark
Equivalent USD
150 000
The more schooling an individual has, the more
likely (s)he is to do volunteering in the community
Chart A8.3
- VA
Proportion of adults reporting that they volunteer at least once a month, by educational attainment
Below upper secondary education
%
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary Education
40
30
20
10
Japan
Estonia
Korea
Poland
Czech Republic
Slovak
Republic
Spain
Italy
Sweden
Average
England/N.
Ireland (UK)
Ireland
Australia
Flanders
(Belgium)
Finland
Denmark
Germany
Austria
Canada
Netherlands
Norway
United States
0
Tertiary education has a high impact on interpersonal
trust, but upper secondary education not
Chart A8.4
- TA
Proportion of adults reporting that they trust others, by educational attainment
Below upper secondary education
%
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary Education
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Slovak Republic
Estonia
Italy
Czech Republic
France
Korea
Germany
Japan
Ireland
Poland
England/N. Ireland
(UK)
Average
Flanders (Belgium)
Canada
Spain
Austria
United States
Australia
Finland
Netherlands
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
0
Private costs are slightly higher than public costs
for tertiary education in B, but are comparatively low
Chart A7.4
Public versus private costs for a man attaining tertiary education (2010)
Public costs
Private costs
Direct private costs
Foregone earnings
Direct public costs
Foregone taxes on earnings
Grants effect
200 000
150 000
Equivalent USD
100 000
50 000
0
-50 000
-100 000
Denmark
Netherlands
United States
Austria
Finland
Germany
Sweden
Norway
France
EU 21 average
OECD average
Spain
Ireland
Belgium
Japan
Italy
Canada
Slovenia
New Zealand
Poland
Greece
Czech Republic
Australia
Hungary
Israel
Slovak Republic
Estonia
United Kingdom
Turkey
Portugal
Korea
-150 000
An individual with a higher level of education is
more likely to believe they have a say in government
Chart A8.5
- GA
Proportion of adults reporting that they believe they have a say in government, by educational attainment
Below upper secondary education
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary Education
%
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Czech Republic
Italy
Spain
Estonia
Germany
Japan
Slovak Republic
Ireland
Canada
Korea
England/N. Ireland
(UK)
Austria
Average
Flanders (Belgium)
Australia
United States
Netherlands
Sweden
Denmark
Finland
Norway
0
Total per student spending on education in B is
relatively high
Chart B1.1
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions, by type of service (2011)
Core services
Ancillary services (transport, meals, housing provided by institutions) and R&D
Total
In equivalent USD
converted using PPPs
18 000
16 000
14 000
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
United States
Austria
Netherlands
Belgium
Ireland
Sweden
Germany
Australia
United Kingdom
Finland
France
Slovenia
Spain
EU21 average
OECD average
Italy
Korea
Portugal
Israel
Poland
Czech Republic
Chile
Slovak Republic
Hungary
Mexico
Brazil
Switzerland
Norway
Denmark
Japan
Iceland
New Zealand
Estonia
Latvia
Russian Federation
Turkey
Indonesia
0
Annual spending per primary student is USD 8 296,
on average
Chart B1.2a
-P
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2011), primary education
Primary education
Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted
using PPPs)
24 000
22 000
20 000
18 000
16 000
14 000
OECD average
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
Indonesia
Colombia
Argentina
Turkey
Mexico
Brazil
Chile
Hungary
Czech Republic
Latvia
Estonia
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Poland
Israel
France
Korea
Spain
Germany
Netherlands
New Zealand
Finland
Japan
Italy
EU21 average
Ireland
Australia
Slovenia
Belgium
Denmark
United Kingdom
Sweden
Iceland
Austria
United States
Norway
Switzerland
Luxembourg
0
Annual spending per secondary student ranges
from USD 522 to USD 16 182
Chart B1.2a
-S
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2011) Secondary education
Secondary education
Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted
using PPPs)
18 000
16 000
14 000
OECD average
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Norway
Austria
United States
Netherlands
Belgium
Ireland
France
Sweden
Denmark
EU21 average
Australia
Germany
Japan
Finland
United Kingdom
Spain
New Zealand
Portugal
Italy
Slovenia
Iceland
Korea
Czech Republic
Estonia
Poland
Israel
Latvia
Slovak Republic
Hungary
Chile
Argentina
Mexico
Turkey
Brazil
Colombia
Indonesia
0
Annual spending per tertiary student ranges from
USD 1173 to USD 26000
Chart B1.2a
-T
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2011) Tertiary education
Tertiary education
Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted
using PPPs)
28 000
26 000
24 000
22 000
20 000
18 000
16 000
14 000
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
Indonesia
Latvia
Estonia
Mexico
Slovak Republic
Turkey
Chile
Iceland
EU21 average
Hungary
Czech Republic
Portugal
Poland
Korea
Italy
Slovenia
New Zealand
Brazil
Israel
Spain
United Kingdom
Austria
France
Belgium
Ireland
Australia
Japan
Germany
Netherlands
Finland
Norway
Sweden
Denmark
Switzerland
United States
OECD average
Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary nontertiary student increased by 21% since 2005 in B
Chart B1.5
- PS
Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011
Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary
Annual expenditure per
student (2011, USD)
20 000
19 000
18 000
17 000
16 000
15 000
14 000
13 000
12 000
11 000
10 000 Denmark
Iceland
9 000
Italy
8 000
7 000
6 000
5 000
4 000
Hungary
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
-20
-10
OECD average
Switzerland
Norway
Austria
United States
Sweden
Netherlands
United Kingdom
France
Japan
Belgium
Canada
Germany
Ireland
Australia
OECD average
Finland
New Zealand
Spain
Korea
Portugal
Israel
Czech Republic
Estonia
Poland
Slovak Republic
R² = 0.2707
Chile
Mexico
0
Brazil
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)
But only by 6.8% in tertiary education (below OECD
average)
Chart B1.5
-T
Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011
Tertiary education
Annual expenditure per
student (2011, USD)
27 000
26 000
25 000
24 000
23 000 Switzerland
22 000
21 000
20 000
19 000
18 000
17 000
16 000
15 000
14 000
13 000
12 000
11 000
10 000
9 000
8 000
7 000
6 000
5 000
-30
OECD average
United States
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Finland
Netherlands
Slovenia
Germany
Japan
Ireland
Belgium
Austria
France
OECD average
United Kingdom
Spain
Israel
Brazil
New Zealand
Portugal
Chile
Iceland
Russian Federation
-20
-10
Korea
R² = 0.079
Hungary
Mexico
0
Czech Republic
Italy
Poland
Estonia
Slovak Republic
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)
As enrolment increased faster than expenditure, spending
per tertiary student decreased with 6.4% in B since 2008
Chart B1.6
-T
Change in expenditure per student by educational institutions, by level of education (2008, 2011)
Tertiary education
Change in expenditure
Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)
Change in expenditure per student
Index of change (2008=100)
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
Iceland
Ireland
United States
Austria
Portugal
Belgium
Mexico
Norway
Spain
Brazil
Australia
Germany
Sweden
France
Switzerland
Netherlands
EU21 average
OECD average
Poland
Italy
United Kingdom
Japan
Israel
Russian Federation
Denmark
Slovenia
Finland
Czech Republic
Korea
Hungary
Chile
Slovak Republic
Estonia
80
Also as % of GDP Belgium is among countries with higher than
average expenditure in school education…
Chart B2.2
- PS
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2011). From public and private sources, by level of education and source of
funds
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Public expenditure on education institutions
% of GDP
Private expenditure on education institutions
5.5
5
OECD average (total expenditure)
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
Brazil
Norway
Russian Federation
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Japan
Latvia
Italy
Germany
Spain
Luxembourg
Estonia
Poland
EU 21 average
Austria
Portugal
Chile
United States
Slovenia
Sweden
France
Mexico
Canada
Netherlands
Switzerland
Finland
Australia
Korea
Colombia
Israel
Belgium
Denmark
Ireland
United Kingdom
Iceland
Argentina
New Zealand
0
But not in tertiary education (because of low private
expenditure)
Chart B2.2
-T
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2011). From public and private sources, by level of education and
source of funds
Tertiary education
Public expenditure on education institutions
% of GDP
3
Private expenditure on education institutions
OECD average (total expenditure)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
Japan
Australia
Korea
Italy
Chile
Slovak Republic
Colombia
Russian Federation
United Kingdom
Mexico
Israel
Brazil
United States
Hungary
Portugal
Latvia
New Zealand
Poland
Spain
Iceland
Germany
Slovenia
Czech Republic
Ireland
Argentina
EU21 average
France
Netherlands
Belgium
Switzerland
Austria
Estonia
Sweden
Canada
Norway
Denmark
Finland
0
During the crisis public expenditure public expenditure
on educational institutions remained constant in B
Chart B2.3
-T
Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions
Change in Gross Domestic Product
Change in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDP
Index of change (2008=100)
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
Hungary
Italy
Estonia
Poland
Russian Federation
United States
Iceland
Israel
Sweden
France
Belgium
Norway
EU21 average
Spain
Austria
OECD average
Korea
Mexico
Portugal
Canada
Chile
Slovenia
Germany
Switzerland
Japan
Netherlands
Ireland
Australia
Finland
Brazil
Slovak Republic
Denmark
New Zealand
Czech Republic
United Kingdom
80
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Turkey
Norway
Finland
Denmark
Iceland
Belgium
Sweden
Austria
Slovenia
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Germany
Czech Republic
France
Ireland
Estonia
EU21 average
Spain
Argentina
Slovak Republic
Poland
Netherlands
Indonesia
OECD average
Portugal
Mexico
Italy
New Zealand
Russian Federation
Latvia
Canada
Israel
Australia
Colombia
United States
Japan
United Kingdom
Korea
Chile
Only 10% % of spending on tertiary education comes from
private sources in B (31% on average)
Chart B3.1
Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2011)
Tertiary education
%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Norway
Finland
Denmark
Iceland
Belgium
Sweden
Austria
2008
Slovenia
Germany
Czech Republic
France
Ireland
Estonia
EU21 average
Spain
2011
Slovak Republic
Poland
Netherlands
OECD average
Portugal
Mexico
Italy
Russian Federation
Canada
Israel
Australia
United States
Japan
United Kingdom
Korea
Chile
And private expenditure in tertiary education did not
increase
Chart B3.3
-T
Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2008 and 2011)
2000
%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
In some countries where students pay high tuition
fees they also benefit from financial support
Chart B5.1
Relationship between average tuition fees charged by public institutions and proportion of students who benefit from public loans and/or
scholarships/grants in tertiary-type A education (2011)
Average tuition fees charged by public institutions, first degrees programmes, in USD
7 500
6 000
Chile4
United States1
Japan 3
United Kingdom
4 500
Australia
New Zealand
3 000
Netherlands
1 500
Switzerland
Austria
Italy
France2
Belgium (Fl.)
Belgium (Fr.)
0
0
Mexico
25
Turkey
Finland
Ireland
50
Denmark
75
Norway
Sweden
100
% of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR scholarships/grants
In B a high % of current expenditure goes to
compensating education staff
Chart B6.1
Distribution of current expenditure by educational institutions for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (2011)
Compensation of all staff
Other current expenditure
% of current expenditure
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Czech Republic
Finland
Slovak Republic
Sweden
Denmark
Korea
Hungary
Indonesia
EU21 average
Latvia
Iceland
Austria
Australia
Brazil
Canada
Slovenia
OECD average
Norway
France
United States
Germany
Italy
Ireland
Spain
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Israel
Luxembourg
Japan
Turkey
Belgium
Colombia
Portugal
Argentina
Mexico
0%
In B teachers’ salaries have a high impact on salary cost per
student
Chart B7.4
Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, in upper secondary education (2012) in USD
Contribution of teachers' salary
Contribution of instruction time
Contribution of estimated class size
difference with OECD average
Contribution of teaching time
USD
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
-1 000
-2 000
Slovak Republic
Estonia
Chile
Hungary
United States
England
Czech Republic
Norway
Israel
Finland
Netherlands
Slovenia
Italy
Ireland
Australia
Poland
Canada
France
Turkey
Austria
Korea
Germany
Luxembourg
Belgium (Fl.)
Spain
-3 000
Belgium
Latvia
Ireland
Netherlands
Hungary
Poland
Slovenia
Czech Republic
Germany
Iceland
EU21 average
Denmark
Korea
Norway
Australia
Portugal
Spain
Estonia
Finland
Sweden
Slovak Republic
Greece
Saudi Arabia
Switzerland
France
OECD average
Russian Federation
New Zealand
Canada
United States
Italy
Austria
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
Brazil
South Africa
Luxembourg
Chile
Argentina
Indonesia
Israel
Turkey
Mexico
Colombia
China
B has the highest participation rate in education
among 15-19 year-olds
2012
2005
2000
Chart C1.2
Enrolment rates of 15-19 year-olds for full-time and part-time students in public and private institutions (1995, 2000, 2005 and 2012)
1995
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
Switzerland
Turkey
Indonesia
Colombia
Australia
Brazil
Argentina
United States
Mexico
Ireland
Chile
Finland
Poland
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Austria
2012
Russian Federation
OECD average
Luxembourg
Hungary
Japan
%
100
Portugal
EU21 average
Latvia
Netherlands
Slovenia
Korea
Israel
New Zealand
Estonia
Germany
Italy
Sweden
United Kingdom
Norway
Spain
Iceland
Denmark
France
Belgium
B also has the highest enrollment rate in early
childhood education
Chart C2.1
Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood education (2005 and 2012)
2005
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
But expenditure on early childhood education is just
slightly above the average of 0.6% of GDP
Chart C2.3
Expenditure on early childhood educational institutions (2011) as a percentage of GDP, by funding source
Private expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP
Public expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP
Total
% of GDP
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Switzerland
Portugal
Brazil
Hungary
Australia
Japan
Korea
United Kingdom
Estonia
Netherlands
Finland
United States
Slovak Republic
Italy
Colombia
Czech Republic
Norway
OECD average
EU21 average
Germany
Austria
New Zealand
Mexico
Belgium
Argentina
Israel
France
Poland
Sweden
Chile
Luxembourg
Slovenia
Russian Federation
Latvia
Spain
Iceland
0
Denmark
0.2
Iceland
Sweden
New Zealand
Estonia
Slovenia
Finland
Hungary
Luxembourg
Italy
United States
Germany
Slovak Republic
Spain
EU21 average
Czech Republic
Austria
OECD average
Japan
Netherlands
Korea
Portugal
Belgium
Poland
Brazil
United Kingdom
Turkey
France
Chile
Mexico
Indonesia
Israel
And an average student/teacher ratio
Chart C2.4
Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education (2012). Public and private institutions, calculation based on full-time equivalents
Student to teaching staff ratio
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
%
100
Australia
Latvia
Iceland
Poland
New Zealand
Norway
Slovenia
Denmark
United States
Russian Federation
Korea
United Kingdom
Finland
Netherlands
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Sweden
Israel
Czech Republic
Argentina
Saudi Arabia
OECD average
EU21 average
Ireland
Hungary
Germany
Austria
Spain
Japan
Chile
Italy
Switzerland
Estonia
France
Turkey
Greece
Mexico
Belgium
Luxembourg
Indonesia
China
Based on current patterns only 33.5% of young adults are expected
to enter university programmes in B, against 60% on average
All students
Chart C3.1
Entry rates into tertiary-type A education (2012)
Excluding international students
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Turkey
Spain
Italy
Chile
Mexico
Ireland
Brazil
Hungary
Slovak Republic
Korea
Portugal
France
United Kingdom
Poland
Estonia
Israel
United States
OECD average
Belgium
EU21 average
New Zealand
Greece
Czech Republic
Canada
Denmark
Finland
Australia
Slovenia
Germany
Austria
Sweden
Switzerland
Iceland
Norway
Luxembourg
Netherlands
In 2012, 15% of 15-19 year-olds in B were neither
employed nor in education or training (same as average)
Chart C5.1
NEET population among 15-29 year-olds (2012) and change between 2011 and 2012
%
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Less than 50% of adults participate in formal and/or
non-formal education in a given year in Fl
Chart C6.1
Adult participation in formal and/or non-formal education (2012)
%
100
90
80
70
66
66
66
64
64
59
60
58
56
56
53
53
51
51
50
50
50
49
48
47
42
36
40
35
33
25
30
20
20
10
Russian Federation
Italy
Slovak Republic
Poland
France
Japan
Spain
Austria
Flanders (Belgium)
Czech Republic
Korea
Ireland
Average
Estonia
Germany
Australia
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Canada
United States
Netherlands
Norway
Sweden
Denmark
Finland
0
Between 2005 and 2012, teachers did not see an increase
in their salaries in real terms in Fl
Chart D3.3
Change in lower secondary teachers’ salaries (2000, 2005, 2012). Index of change between 2000 and 2012 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for
teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training
Index of change
2005 = 100
2012
In most countries, salaries
increased less since 2005 than
between 2000 and 2005
2000
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
Hungary
Greece
Portugal
Japan
Scotland
England
Spain
France
Korea
Italy
Iceland
United States
Finland
OECD average
Switzerland
Belgium (Fl.)
Austria
Czech Republic
Belgium (Fr.)
Sweden
Slovenia
Australia
New Zealand
Mexico
Norway
Luxembourg
Ireland
Denmark
Israel
Poland
Estonia
50