Integration of Civil Defence Knowledge in Education for Disaster Risk Reduction Setting the Scene : Research on Waste Management Dr. Tapan Chakrabarti [email protected]

Waste Management Technology

Wastewater Treatment (Physico-Chemical, Biological, Biotechnology, Tertiary treatment) Solid Waste Management (Composting, Biomethanation, Syngas) Environmental Materials (Catalysis, Adsorbents, Sensors, Nano-materials) Remediation & Restoration (Bio & Phytoremediation, Active Oxidation Process)

Waste Management Technology

Separation Technology (Solvents & Resins, Electrochemical & Phyrochemical, Membrane Science & Technology) Waste Minimization (Cleaner & Greener Technology, Recycle/Reuse/Recover) Hazardous Waste Management (Thermal destruction, Containment, Recycle/Reuse/Recover) Biomedical Waste Management (Disinfection & Certification, Waste to Energy)

Wastewater Treatment

(Physico-Chemical, Biological, Biotechnology, Tertiary treatment)

Wastewater Sector

Recovery of Usable Water Recycle of Water - Ludhiana, Tirupur Reuse of Water - HRTS at Amlai Phytorid System for Sewage Treatment CETPs - Genomic Tools for Functional Organisms

CETPs

The design and implementation of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) for cluster of small scale industries

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Chemical industries in Vapi, Gujarat.

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Textile industries in Pali and Balotra, Rajasthan.

Heterogeneous industrial clusters in NCT of Delhi.

Recycle and Reuse of Wastewater

Wastewater management for small scale industries Resource recovery- biogas and biomanure in distilleries Membrane processes and systems for recyclable effluent

Wastewater Management for Textile Sector in Tirupur

Recycle and Reuse Details Total no. of dyeing and bleaching industries

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Industries with individual ETPs

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Members of 19 CETPs No. of units 729 233 496 Treatment options implemented in individual ETPs Primary stage - Chemical precipitation, ozonation, electro-coagulation flocculation, wet oxidation, catalytic oxidation & precipitation Secondary and tertiary stage - Activated sludge process, chemical precipitation, chlorination, ozonation, sand filtration, activated carbon adsorption, organic scavenging/iron filtration, bag filter and ultrafiltration removal filtration, cartridge Advanced stage - Reverse osmosis and nano-filtration

Reject management -

Spray pond evaporation, evaporation, crystalizer, centrifuge and dryer multiple effect Resource recovery Particular ETPs Water recovery Salt recovery 25 mld 21 t/d CETPs 53 mld 84 t/d Total 78 mld 105 t/d Percent recovery 82 60 O&M costs recovery, % 45 7 Unit operations including membrane system implemented

“Phytorid” Wastewater Treatment

The Know-how was transferred to M/s General Techno Services, Thane & Go Green Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur (Non-exclusive basis Rs. 1.25 lakh)

Development of an Improved Circular Secondary Clarifier for Solids-Liquid Separation in Wastewater Treatment Advantages of Improved Clarifier over Conventional Clarifier

    It requires less surface area and operates at low hydraulic retention time, thereby facilitates savings in capital cost Improved solids-liquid separation and high underflow solids concentration are obtained Does not require a separate sump cum pump house for sludge recycling/removal, thereby saves capital and recurring costs The improved secondary clarifier does not require separate flocculation facility, thereby reduces capital and recurring cost.

Improved Circular Secondary Clarifier Experimental setup

Patents Filed

1. Indian Patent : An Improved Circular Secondary Clarifier for Wastewater Treatment and an Improved Solids-Liquid Separation Process Thereof. Application No. 2623 Del 2006. 2. Circular Secondary Clarifier for Wastewater Treatment and an Improved Solids-Liquid Separation Process Thereof. • US Patent : Application No. 20080135473, 2007. • Australian Patent : Application No. 2007330354, 2007.

• European Patent : Application No. 07849687.4, 2007.

3. International Publication : Circular secondary clarifier for the wastewater treatment. Published by World Intellectual Organization under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. No. WO 2008/068773 A1, 2008.

Immobilization and Containment of Arsenic Bearing Hazardous Wastes Salient Features :

 The institute developed a technology for immobilization and containment of highly concentrated arsenic wastes (upto 10% As)  The technology has been awarded US Patent No. 7338429 in March 4, 2008  The technology has been successfully implemented on full scale at Zuari Industries Ltd. Goa,  The discussions are going on for full scale implementation of technology at Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizers Namrup and FACT, Kochi, India Ltd.

Immobilization of As Waste Containment of Immobilized As Waste

Biomedical Waste Management

(Disinfection & Certification, Waste to Energy)

Type Treatment & Disposal

Human anatomical waste Animal waste Microbiological wastes Waste sharp Discarded medicines Soiled waste like blood contaminated item, cottons, plaster, etc.

Disposable solid waste like tubings, catheters, intravenous sets, etc.

Liquid waste Incinerator ash Chemical waste Incineration/deep burial Incineration/deep burial Local autoclaving/ micro-waving/ incineration Disinfections /autoclaving and mutilation/shredding Incineration/secure landfill Incineration/ autoclaving/micro-waving Disinfections by chemical treatment and autoclaving/mutilation Disinfections and discharge into drains Land disposal Chemical treatment and discharge into drains

Incineration of Hospital Waste

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Minimum operating temperature in main combustion chamber is 800

o

C

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Minimum operating temperature in post combustion chamber is 1050

o

C

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Requirement of auxiliary fuel Provision for ash disposal

Some Precautions for Incineration

    Concentration nitrogen oxide of and particulate hydrogen should meet emission standards Red coloured incinerated bags should matter, chloride Minimum stack height should be 30 meters PVC bags should not be incinerated as it leads to emission of dioxin, furan and hydrogen chloride not be

Sterilization of Waste : Autoclaves

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Autoclaves are used to sterilize equipment and materials

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Operating pressure is 15 lbs/in

2 

Operating temperature is 121

o

C

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Residence time is 15 mins.

Sterilization of Waste : Hydroclaves

 Steam is stored in a double walled jacket  Powerful rotators fragment the waste  Waste is sterilized in 30 mins.

 Working pressure and temperature are 15 PSI and 121 o C respectively

Secure Landfilling of Bio-medical Waste

Secure Landfill System Salient features

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Environment friendly disposal system Providing special protection of ground water, air environment, land environment and aesthetic Accepts wide ranges of wastes Design components

• • • •

Liner system Cover system Leachate management system Gas collection system

Deep Burrial

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A pit or trench of 2 meter deep Half filled with waste and the remaining covered by lime and soil Application of soil cover of 10 cm over the waste layer whenever waste is added to the pit Soil of deep burrial site should be relatively impermeable

Waste Minimization

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Proper segregation at the source

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Good operating practices

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Environment-friendly recycling

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Use of non-PVC plastics

Solid Waste Management

(Composting, Biomethanation, Syngas)

Some of the Technologies Currently Being Practiced in India

             Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) Unsorted / residual waste Materials Recovery Facility (Dirty MRF) Materials Recovery Facility (clean MRF) Energy from Waste Moving Grate Incineration Fluidised Bed Incineration Anaerobic Digestion Composting Windrow and In-vessel Pyrolysis & Gasification Co-Incineration Steam Reformation Processes / Autoclaving Mechanical Separation / Pulverisation Refuse Derived Fuel Plant

Syngas

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Syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is produced by partial combustion of biomass, that is, combustion with an amount of oxygen that is not sufficient to convert the biomass completely to carbon dioxide and water.. Before partial combustion the biomass is dried, and sometimes pyrolysed.

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The resulting gas mixture, syngas, is itself a fuel. Using the syngas is more efficient than direct combustion of the original biofuel; more of the energy contained in the fuel is extracted.

Syngas may be burned directly in internal combustion engines or turbines. The wood gas generator is a wood-fueled gasification reactor mounted on an internal combustion engine.

Syngas can be used to produce methanol and hydrogen, or converted via the Fischer-Tropsch process to produce a synthetic diesel substitute, or a mixture of alcohols that can be blended into gasoline.

Gasification temperatures >700

°

C.

normally Lower relies on temperature gasification is desirable when co-producing biochar but results in a Syngas polluted with tar.

Fischer-Tropsch Process

The Fischer-Tropsch process Tropsch Synthesis) is a (or Fischer catalyzed chemical reaction in which synthetic gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is converted into liquid hydrocarbon of various forms. The most common catalysts are based on iron and cobalt, although nickel and ruthenium have also been used. The principal purpose of this process is to produce a synthetic petroleum substitute, typically from coal, natural gas or biomass, for use a synthetic lubrication oil or as synthetic fuel.

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The gasifier plants were funded by the UN’s Global Environment Facility, and supported by the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the Government of India, the Government of Karnataka, and UNDP.

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In the gasifiers, wood or coconut shells are reduced to small pieces and burned in a reactor that converts them to combustible gases, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This so-called ‘producer gas’(syn gas) runs the engines, which produce power

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It is now necessary to substitute wood or coconut shells with waste derived fuel.

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The first plant under the project has provided around 10,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity to four villages since then.

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A second plant was commissioned under the project and has the capacity of delivering 250 kilowatts of electricity, with excess power to be sold to the Bangalore according to UNDP.

Electric Supply Company,

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A third plant, producing 250 kilowatt-hours, will be commissioned soon another in Chinnenahalli.

in Seebirayanapalya and

Land Sector

Solid Waste Management Studies in 59 Cities Biogas & Syngas from Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous Waste Bio and Phyto Remediation GIS Based Modeling

Hazardous Waste Management

(Thermal Destruction, Containment, Recycle/Reuse/Recover)

Recycling of Hazardous Waste

Recycling of non-ferrous metallic wastes,such as zinc dross,brass dross,used lead acid batteries,copper oxide mill scale and used lubricating oil offer attractive options for resource recovery in an environmentally friendly and techno-economically feasible manner.

At present,there are 680 recyclers of :  Non-ferrous metal wastes other than lead (12,25,232 MTA)  Lead based wastes (6,43,629 MTA)  Used oil/waste oil (8,92,975 KLA )

E-waste Recycling

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E-wastes servers, CLFS.

encompass printers, discarded mobiles, computers, fluorescent tubes,

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Dismantling and recycling operations require registration and compliances as per the available guidelines.

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Centralized facility for recycling/handling e-waste should have an EST.

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Import of e-waste can only be considered if the plant’s capacity cannot be met/fully utilized with indigenously generated e-waste.

Use of Cement Kilns for Hazardous Waste Incineration

   Subject to implementation of suitable safeguards,incineration of high calorific value hazardous wastes in cement kilns is one of the safe alternatives for conventional disposal in dedicated waste incinerators.

The high flame temperature of around 2000oC, high material temperature of around 1400oC and large residence time of 4-5 sec. ensure complete combustion.

Sludges from petrochemical and paint industries,oil refinery,ETP sludge from dyes and dye intermediates, tyre chips,TDI and tar residues as supplementary fuels need to be promoted within the purview of EPA,1986.

Illegal Dump Sites and Remediation

   Illegal dump sites are common in several states and ,therefore, every state should carry out an inventory for identify and characterize such sites.

After inventorization, it is to be decided as to whether the contaminated soil is to be excavated and shifted to the nearest TSDF or an remediation is to be carried out based on techno economical feasibility.

in situ “Polluter Pays” principle has to be the basis for cost sharing. In case the polluter is unidentifiable, the remedial activity should be funded from the “State level Clean-up Funds (SLCF) raised out of the penalty/fine levied to all violators of HMW Rules.

Following are the four EBICs that are functioning in India:     Vinyl Sulphone-Sulphuric and Chlorosulphonic acid Single superphosphate H acid - Reactive Dyes Viscose rayon - lignosulphonate - Acetylene Phosphatic fertilizer - Ammonium Sulphate Cement

Remediation & Restoration

(Bio & Phytoremediation, Active Oxidation Process)

NEERI - XI Five Year Plan

CSIR Network Programme  Remediation/Ecorestoration and cleanup of contaminated sites and water resources Coordinated by NEERI with 9 CSIR labs (Nodal Person: Dr. T. Chakrabarti/ Dr. A. A. Juwarkar) CSIR Network Programmes (Participation)      CO2 Sequestration -Coordinated by NIO (Dr. S. Rayalu) Microbial diversity - Coordinated by IMTECH (Dr. H.J. Purohit) Membranes for waste purification/reclamation - Coordinated by CSMCRI (Dr. N.N. Rao) Ground water (Dr. P.R. Pujari) quality assessment Coordinated by NGRI Supra Institutional Project of NEERI  Capacity Building in Molecular Environmental Science (Dr. S. Rayalu & Dr. H.J. Purohit) Rural development Projects - 2 Nos.

Bioremediation – Emerging Science

Genes in Environment

Tomorrow Pest specific Bio-pesticides Distinguished Bacteria (May be engineered) Stress Dependent Survival of Genes in Environment (Basic Curiosities) Gene –specific Tracking in EIA Environmental Processes (may be forced expression) Enzymes for New Processes

Microbes in Environment

Today Regulated Community Dynamics

Pilot Scale remediation of mercury contaminated site at Hindustan Unilever Ltd., Kodaikanal Objectives:

Remediation of mercury contaminated soil to a risk based target level of 20 mg/kg.

Salient findings of the study:

 Bench scale studies at NEERI on soil washing and thermal retorting  Commissioning and operation of pilot scale soil washing and thermal retort units by HUL, Kodaikanal under the guidance of NEERI  Trial runs indicated remediation of mercury contaminated soil well below the target level using combination of soil washing and retorting  Development of technical protocol and a DPR for site remediation  Work order received for

Full scale commissioning and remediation Site with levels of mercury contamination Pilot scale soil remediation

Waste Minimization

(Cleaner & Greener Technology, Recycle/Reuse/Recover)

Fuel Switching Including the use of Waste Materials

 In India, a number of industries use fuel for steam generation and/or process heat, with the choice of fuel being determined by cost, fuel availability and environmental regulations.

 Waste materials (tyres, plastics, used/waste oil, solvent, sewage sludge, even meat and bones) are being used by a number of industries.

 It is estimated that global CO 2 emission can be reduced by 12% through increased use of waste fuels.

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The steel industry has developed technology to use wastes such as plastics as alternate fuels.

Pretreated plastic wastes could be recycled in coke ovens and blast furnaces.

Incineration of wastes (tyres, municipal and hazardous wastes) in cement kilns is one of the most efficient methods of disposal of these materials. Up to 70% waste materials can be used.

Cement companies in India are using non-fossil fuels such as agricultural wastes, sewage sludge, domestic refuse, used tyres, wide range of waste solvents and other organic liquids employing improved burners and burning systems.

Future Strategy

Vision for Environment - 2020

A. Paradigm shifts in R&D:

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Waste to wealth - Lab to land initiative

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Micro to macro WM – CETPs &TSDFs

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EIA to LCA Command and control system to cash flow generation

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Traditional environmental science to molecular environmental science

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Clinical biochemistry to toxicogenomic approach for health

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Service provider to knowledge centre B. Augmentation of quality water resources to ensure ecological flow in rivers C. Policy and regulation based on scientific tools (NRA – Polluter pays – Damage assessment – Risk based standards – Remediation)

1 S.No

National Mission Solar Mission 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Climate Change

[NEERI’s participation in National Missions ] Enhanced energy efficiency Sustainable Habitat Water Mission Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem Green India Sustainable Agriculture Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change NEERI’s Participation Solar to chemical conversion, Hydrogen generation,electro-defluoridation Photocatalysts for hydrogen generation Phytoremediation of oil exploration areas and refineries Arsenic removal and Water safety plans Deposition of ABC carbon particles in Himalayan Region Carbon sequestration using novel materials and algal systems Linking carbon dynamics and carbon credits in agriculture Carbon nanoparticles for carbon capture, Artificial leaf for CO2 sequestration, Mineral carbonation, Biomimetic carbonation; N 2 O decomposition, Methane combustion