Transcript Thailand Goes Nuclear? Considerations and Costs

Thailand Goes Nuclear?
Considerations and Costs
13 August 2007
Sheila Bijoor
[email protected]
PALANG THAI
Outline
► History
► Why






of nuclear energy
is nuclear energy back?
Greenhouse gas emissions
Generation costs
New technology
Nuclear proliferation
Safety and security
Radioactive waste
► Trends
in Thai political history
History of Global
Nuclear Power Industry
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Rohde, Robert A. Global Warming Art Project. http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Nuclear_Power_History.png Data
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency. Nuclear Power Reactors in the World, Reference Data Series No. 2. (2006)
1970-1980’s:
Dramatic growth in
capacity
Rohde, Robert A. Global Warming Art Project. http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Nuclear_Power_History.png Data
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency. Nuclear Power Reactors in the World, Reference Data Series No. 2. (2006)
1970-1980’s:
Dramatic growth in
construction
Rohde, Robert A. Global Warming Art Project. http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Nuclear_Power_History.png Data
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency. Nuclear Power Reactors in the World, Reference Data Series No. 2. (2006)
Over 2/3 of all
nuclear plants
ordered after 1970
were cancelled.1
DECREASE
1 50 Years of Nuclear Energy (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved on 2006-11-09.
2 Rohde, Robert A. Global Warming Art Project. http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Nuclear_Power_History.png
Data Source: International Atomic Energy Agency. Nuclear Power Reactors in the World, Reference Data Series No. 2. (2006)
Nuclear loses popularity
2
Chernobyl
Three Mile
Island
-
Rising economic costs
Falling fossil fuel prices
Nuclear proliferation
Failures
- Nuclear accidents
- Radiation
- Nuclear waste
1
1 The Rise and Fall of Nuclear Power. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
2 Rohde, Robert A. Global Warming Art Project. http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Nuclear_Power_History.png
Data Source: International Atomic Energy Agency. Nuclear Power Reactors in the World, Reference Data Series No. 2. (2006)
Nuclear Today
► 435
commercial
nuclear reactors in 30
countries
► 210
TWh increase over
the last five years
► In
2006, 2658 billion
kWh total capacity
“Nuclear Power in the World Today.” World Nuclear
Association. (2007) http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf01.html
Nuclear Tomorrow
Reactors Under Construction in 2007
8
Number of Reactors
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Ar
ge
n
Ar tina
m
e
Be nia
lg
iu
m
Br
Bu azi
lg l
Ca ari
na a
da
Ch
Ch *
i
n
Cz a:
i
ec Ta na
h iw
R a
ep n
ub
l
Eg ic
yp
Fi t
nl
a
Fr nd
G anc
er e
m
Hu any
ng
ar
y
In Ind
do ia
ne
si
a
Ira
n
Is
ra
Ko K J el
re az ap
a
a
Ko DP akh n
re R sta
a
RO (No n
r
(S th)
ou
Li th
th )
ua
n
Ne Me ia
x
th ic
er o
la
Pa nd
ki s
Ro sta
m n
an
Ru ia
Sl ssia
ov
Sl akia
So ov
ut en
h
i
Af a
ric
Sp a
Sw ain
Sw e
itz den
er
la
Tu nd
rk
Un
ite Uk ey
d ra
Ki in
ng e
do
m
U
Vi SA
et
na
m
0
Data: “Nuclear Power in the World Today.” World Nuclear Association. 2007
Countries
As of 2007:
► 32 reactors under construction
► 25,073 MWe (electrical energy)
► Asia is the only region where nuclear power is growing
 18 of 32 under construction are in Asia
“Nuclear Power in the World Today.”
World Nuclear Association. (2007)
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf01.html
Proposed Nuclear Reactors
86
18
15
24
20 21
ge
n
Ar tina
m
e
Be nia
lgi
um
Br
Bu azi
lg l
Ca aria
na
da
Ch
Ch *
i
n
Cz a:
i
ec Ta na
h
Re iwan
pu
bl
i
Eg c
y
Fi pt
nla
Fr nd
Ge anc
rm e
Hu any
ng
ar
y
I
In nd
do ia
ne
sia
Ira
Isr n
a
Ko
Ja el
K
re az pa
a
a
Ko DP kh n
re R sta
a
n
RO (No
rth
(S )
Lit outh
hu )
an
Ne Me ia
th xic
er o
la
Pa nds
k
Ro ista
m n
an
Ru ia
Sl ssia
ov
Sl akia
So ov
ut en
i
h
Af a
ric
Sp a
Sw ain
Sw e
itz den
er
la
Tu nd
rk
Un
ite Uk ey
r
d
Ki aine
ng
do
m
US
Vi
et A
na
m
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Ar
Number of Reactors
Proposed Reactors in 2007
Data: “Nuclear Power in the World Today.” World Nuclear Association. 2007
As of 2007,
► 214 nuclear reactors proposed worldwide -- 179,345 MWe
► In Asia:
 Over 109 nuclear power reactors in operation
 Plans to build about a further 110
►
Greatest nuclear growth in China, Japan, S. Korea, India
“Nuclear Power in the World Today.” World Nuclear Association. (2007) http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf01.html
Why is nuclear back?
Why is nuclear back?
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
Energy Security
Low CO2 emissions
“Low” generating costs
“Improved” Technology
Geopolitics
Safety and Security
Waste Disposal
Why is nuclear back?
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
Energy Security
Low CO2 emissions
“Low” generating costs
“Improved” Technology
Geopolitics
Safety and Security
Waste Disposal
Energy Security: What’s New
Energy demand is forecasted to double
from 2003 to 2030.
Asia has the greatest demand.
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Growing world energy consumption
Annual Growth of Energy Consumption
►
►
Global consumption will double from 2003 to 2030.
Asia has greatest increase in demand.
“Prediction of energy consumption world-wide.” timeforchange.org. (2007)
Why is nuclear back?
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
Energy Security
Low CO2 emissions
“Low” generating costs
“Improved” Technology
Geopolitics
Safety and Security
Waste Disposal
Climate Change: What’s New
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is now
a recognized objective.
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Nuclear is better than fossil fuels
Air Emissions of Energy Sources in USA
Energy Source
Carbon Dioxide
(lbs/MWh)
Sulfur Dioxide
(lbs/MWh)
Nitrogen Oxides
(lbs/MWh)
Natural Gas
1135
0.1
1.7
Coal
2249
13
6
Oil
1672
12
4
N
N
N
Nuclear Energy
“Air Emissions.” US Environmental Protection Agency (2007) http://www.epa.gov/solar/emissions.htm
Nuclear is one of many options
Air Emissions of Energy Sources in USA
Energy Source
Carbon Dioxide
(lbs/MWh)
Sulfur Dioxide
(lbs/MWh)
Nitrogen Oxides
(lbs/MWh)
Natural Gas
1135
0.1
1.7
Coal
2249
13
6
Oil
1672
12
4
Nuclear Energy
N
N
N
Hydroelectricity
N
N
N
Solar
N
N
N
Geothermal
N
N
N
N (natural cycle)
Small
Small
DSM
N
N
N
Wind
N
N
N
Biomass
“Air Emissions.” US Environmental Protection Agency (2007)
http://www.epa.gov/solar/emissions.htm
Nuclear gives least reductions in CO2
(prediction for 2030)
Energy
efficiency
accounts for
86%
Nuclear energy only accounts for 10% of future CO2
emission reductions.
Source: “Nuclear Pros and Cons.” http://timeforchange.org (2007)
Data Source: International Energy Agency (IEA). http://iea.org
Reducing fossil fuels
Nuclear will not
displace fossil fuel
use.
Why not invest in
something that
will?
“Nuclear Pros and Cons.” http://timeforchange.org (2007)
Nuclear and fossil fuels
go hand in hand?
►
In North America, nuclear plants
operate alongside coal-fired plants.
Nuclear plants:
 Run continually, cannot be easily
switched on and off
 Generate a base (fixed) demand
http://www.atomicengines.com/pictures.html
 Are supplemented by other fuels to
meet peak demands
Crystal River 3 in Florida, USA.
Plants 1, 2 (foreground) and
Plants 4, 5 (background) are
coal fired.
Unit 3 (mid picture)
is nuclear powered.
►
Example: Ontario, Canada:
Performance of nuclear power plant
declined, so utility increased reliance
on coal-fired producers.
“What Thai Citizens Should Know About Canada’s Nuclear Power Program.” Probe International (1999)
http://www.threegorgesprobe.org/probeint/Mekong/candu/9902.html#8
Why is nuclear back?
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
Energy Security
Low CO2 emissions
“Low” generating costs
“Improved” Technology
Geopolitics
Safety and Security
Waste Disposal
Cost: What’s New
Limited supply and rising costs of fossil
fuels are driving renewed interests in
alternatives.
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Generation costs
EGAT: Nuclear has the least generating cost when
compared to fossil fuels and renewables.
Power Source
Generating Cost
Nuclear
2.08
Coal-fired thermal
2.12
Gas-fired combined cycle
2.29
Oil-fired thermal
4.12
Gas-turbines
7.93
Solar
20.20
Wind turbine
5.98
Waste
4.63
Biomass
2.63
EGAT “Power Development Plan” presentation at
public hearing at Military club, April 3 2007
Governments subsidize nuclear
►
R&D for nuclear is financed by government
 Costs don't get transferred to the cost of nuclear electricity.
 In 2005, half of 28 power plants have been under construction for
18-30 years. 1
►
R&D for renewable energy is mostly financed privately
2
 Production costs are included in the cost of renewable electricity.
Cost of Federal Incentives for Energy Development in 2003 (USA)
http://neinuclearnotes.blogspot.com
1 “Nuclear Power: Myth and Reality.” Heinrich Boll Foundation. Regional Office for Southern Africa. (2006) 2
“What Thai Citizens Should Know About Canada’s Nuclear Power Program.” Probe International (1999)
http://www.threegorgesprobe.org/probeint/Mekong/candu/9902.html#8
Uranium costs will increase
At current consumption rate:
Wikipedia.org
►
Resource: high-grade, low-cost ores
Supplies last: 50 years
►
Resource: conventional reserves
Supplies last: 200 years 1
Uranium mining site in USA
If nuclear power expands, reserves will deplete faster and
become more costly.
Most uranium is found in very poor grade ores.
Recovery will be more greenhouse intensive. 2
1 Nuclear Energy Agency, International Atomic Energy Agency “Uranium 2003: Resources, Production, Demand.” Paris: OECD. (2004)
2 van Leeuwen, Jan-Willem. “Can nuclear power provide energy for the future; would it solve the CO2-emission problem?”,
http://beheer.oprit.rug.nl/deenen (2004)
Why is nuclear back?
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
Energy Security
Low CO2 emissions
“Low” generating costs
“Improved” Technology
Geopolitics
Safety and Security
Waste Disposal
Technology: What’s New
New generations of reactors that promise
safety and efficiency are in various stages
of design and development.
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Advanced Nuclear Technology
New generations of reactors will have improved
efficiency, cleanliness, safety, and capabilities.
Generation IV and V Reactors:
Nuclear thermal
rocket
Gas-cooled reactor
Molten-salt reactor
“Nuclear Reactor Technology.”
Wikipedia.org. (2007) www.wikipedia.org
Technology only on paper
► Generation
IV reactors will not be produced until
2030 (optimistic estimate).
► Generation
V reactors still only theoretical designs.
 New generations will not be “idiot-proof” 1
► Installed
reactors will be Generation II or III, and
are known to have inherent flaws or be troubleprone. Examples of CANDU: 2
 Reactor pressure tubes prone to rupture
 Faulty emergency coolant systems
 Operating errors damage fuel bundles
1 “Nuclear Power: Myth and Reality.” Heinrich Boll Foundation. Regional Office for Southern Africa. (2006)
2
“What Thai Citizens Should Know About Canada’s Nuclear Power Program.” Probe International 1999 http://www.threegorgesprobe.org/
Why is nuclear back?
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
Energy Security
Low CO2 emissions
“Low” generating costs
“Improved” Technology
Geopolitics
Safety and Security
Waste Disposal
Nuclear reactors can be used to
make bombs
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/
Bomb material can be derived from a regular nuclear
reactor by two ways:
 Enriching uranium-- process used to make nuclear reactor fuel.
 Reprocessing-- taking spent fuel rods and extracting plutonium.
A baseball-sized amount can make a Nagasaki-size bomb.
“Nuclear Energy.” Reaching Critical Will. (2001)
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/
Myth of peaceful power
FACT
20 of 60 countries with ‘peaceful’ nuclear reactors conducted
covert weapons research or production. 1
EXAMPLE: India’s Smiling Buddha
http://wikipedia.org
Indian PM Benazir Bhutto
visiting nuclear site.
►
India’s 1974 “Peaceful Nuclear Explosion”,
called “Smiling Buddha” exemplifies myth
►
India replicated a donated research
reactor and self-developed plutonium
separation plant to make bomb
►
Pakistani PM promised to build the bomb
"even if we have to eat grass or leaves or
to remain hungry.“ 2
1 Green, Jim. No Solution to Climate Change. Friends of the Earth. 2005 <http://www.acfonline.org.au/uploads/res_nukesnosolsummary.pdf>
2 “Canada blamed for India's 'peaceful' bomb.” CBC Archives (2006) <http://archives.cbc.ca/>
IAEA has severe limitations
At least 8 NPT states have weapons projects in
violation of NPT, or have permissible weapons
activities but failed to report to IAEA.
Examples:
http://www.nkzone.org/nkzone/category/diplomacy/




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
Egypt
Iraq
Libya
North Korea
Romania
South Korea
Taiwan
Yugoslavia
Green, Jim. No Solution to Climate Change. Friends of the Earth. 2005
http://www.acfonline.org.au/uploads/res_nukesnosolsummary.pdf
Why is nuclear back?
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
Energy Security
Low CO2 emissions
“Low” generating costs
“Improved” Technology
Geopolitics
Safety and Security
Waste Disposal
Safety and Security: What’s New
Hundreds of accidents continue to occur,
though smaller than in 1986.
Nuclear terrorism is a bigger threat than
ever before.
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
New generations of technology promise to
have better security.
Too many accidents
Chernobyl and Three Mile Island are best-known
of hundreds of accidents:
 At least 8 accidents involving damage to or malfunction
of the core of nuclear power or research reactors.
 At least five nuclear research reactor accidents have
resulted in fatalities.
 There have been other serious reactor accidents which
did not involve core damage or malfunction, and a
number of ‘near misses’ with power reactors found to
be in a serious state of disrepair.
Green, Jim. No Solution to Climate Change. Friends of the Earth. 2005
http://www.acfonline.org.au/uploads/res_nukesnosolsummary.pdf
Too many accidents
►
Tokai-mura, Japan in 1999: Two workers received lethal doses of
radiation; Later revealed that data and inspections had been
manipulated at tens of reactors to avoid repairs and lengthy closure.
►
Sellafield, UK in 2000: Fuel processing site found to have a
fundamental failure of safety culture by Government inspectors.
►
David-Besse, US in 2002: Corrosion came so close to penetrating
the vital pressure vessel that it could have led to complete reactor core
meltdown.
►
Cruas-3, -4 , France in 2003: Flood affected damage and shutdown.
►
Mihama, Japan in 2004: Steam explosion killed five workers.
►
Mihama, Japan 2006: Plant shut down due to earthquake concerns.
►
Niigata, Japan 2007: Earthquake triggers fire in nuclear plant.
PHOTO: Number 3 reactor after accident at the
Mihama nuclear plant in Japan.
http://www.smh.com.au
“Nuclear: Safety.” Greenpeace International (2006)
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/nuclear/safety
Radioactive emissions
►
Radioactive emissions are routinely generated across the
nuclear fuel cycle.
 UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (1994)
estimates collective effective dose to world population over 50-year
period of operation of nuclear facilities is 2 million person-Sieverts.
 Applying the standard risk estimate to that level of radiation
exposure gives 80,000 fatal cancers.
►
Chernobyl:
Applying the standard risk estimate to
radiation gives 24,000 fatal cancers.
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com
Chernobyl Reactor 4 after accident
Permanent relocation of 220,000
people from Belarus, the Russian
Federation, and the Ukraine.
Green, Jim. No Solution to Climate Change. Friends of the Earth. 2005
http://www.acfonline.org.au/uploads/res_nukesnosolsummary.pdf
Conventional and terrorist attacks
► Nations
have attacked nuclear facilities with
conventional weapons.
 Iraq’s nuclear facilities bombed by Iran, Israel and USA.
 Iran’s nuclear plant bombed by Iraq in the 1980s.
 Iraq claims to have targeted Scud missiles at Israel’s
Dimona nuclear plant in 1991.
► Terrorists
can hijack nuclear transporters, crash
into reactors, and blow up containers of
radioactive waste to spread radioactivity.
Barnaby, Frank and James Kemp. Too Hot to Handle? The Future of Civil
Nuclear Power. United Kingdom: Oxford Research Group, 2007: 14
Trafficking of nuclear materials
►
The IAEA’s Illicit Trafficking Database records over 650
incidents of trafficking in radioactive materials since 1993.
 100 trafficking incidents occurred in 2004.
►
1
Smuggling can provide fissile material for nuclear weapons
and radioactive materials for use in ‘dirty bombs’.
THAILAND: 2003 Cesium Capture
June 13, 2003: Thai national arrested in
Bangkok after he tried to sell 30 kg of cesium
137 to undercover agents. Cesium 137, could
be used to make a dirty bombs. 2
1 El Baradei, Mohamed. “Nuclear Terrorism: Identifying and Combating the Risks”, March 16, 2005
<www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2005/ebsp2005n003.html>
2 Andreoni, Alessandro and Charles D. Ferguson. Radioactive Cesium Seizure in Thailand: Riddled with
Uncertainties. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies: July 2003 http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/030717.htm
No margin of error
►A
nuclear weapon powerful enough to destroy a
city requires a mere 10 kg of plutonium.
► The
nuclear power industry has produced 1,600
tons of plutonium (Institute for Science and
International Security, 2004) – enough to build
about 160,000 nuclear weapons.
Even if 99% of the plutonium is indefinitely
protected, the remaining 1% would suffice for
1,600 nuclear weapons.
Institute for Science and International Security, “Civil Plutonium Produced in
Power Reactors” (2004) <www.isis-online.org/global_stocks/civil_pu.html>.
Why is nuclear back?
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
Energy Security
Low CO2 emissions
“Low” generating costs
“Improved” Technology
Geopolitics
Safety and Security
Waste Disposal
Waste Disposal: What’s New
Nothing, really.
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Fuel cycle process pollutes
THE FUEL CYCLE PROCESS
►
Uranium mining and milling
leaves radioactive slimes.
►
Spent fuel contains radioactive
substances.
►
Reprocessing creates high-level
radioactive sludge.
►
By 2000, nuclear industry had
created 201,000 tons of highly
radioactive nuclear waste.
Must secure waste for
10,000 - 240,000 yrs
“Nuclear Energy.” Reaching Critical Will. (2001)
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/
No long-term waste solution
► Not
a single repository exists anywhere for the
disposal of high-level nuclear waste
 Only a few countries have identified potential sites.
►
MIT STUDY:
Scenario: Global nuclear
output increased 3X
http://wikipedia.org
Yucca Mountain in USA
(Proposed Repository Site)
Result: New repository
storage capacity equal to the
legal limit for Yucca Mountain
must be created every 3-4
years.
John Deutch and Ernest J. Moniz et al, The Future of Nuclear Power: An
Interdisciplinary MIT Study, Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2003.
History of Nuclear
in Thailand
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Nuclear in Thailand
NUCLEAR
PUSH
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1966
EGAT proposes Thailand's first nuclear project.
“Thailand’s Nuclear Program: 1966-1997” WISE News Communique (1997)
http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/473/4692.html
Nuclear in Thailand
NUCLEAR
STALLED
PUSH
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1974
Bhai Bay, Chonburi, 350-500 MW, proposal approved.
“Thailand’s Nuclear Program: 1966-1997” WISE News Communique (1997)
http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/473/4692.html
Nuclear in Thailand
STALLED
1960
FAILED
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1974
Project shelved after a drop in natural gas costs.
“Thailand’s Nuclear Program: 1966-1997” WISE News Communique (1997)
http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/473/4692.html
Nuclear in Thailand
STALLED
1960
NUCLEAR
PUSH
FAILED
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1977
EGAT re-proposes and government approves.
“Thailand’s Nuclear Program: 1966-1997” WISE News Communique (1997)
http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/473/4692.html
Nuclear in Thailand
FAILED
STALLED
1960
FAILED
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1977
Global and public opposition leads to cancellation.
“Thailand’s Nuclear Program: 1966-1997” WISE News Communique (1997)
http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/473/4692.html
Nuclear in Thailand
FAILED
STALLED
1960
FAILED
1970
1980
NUCLEAR
PUSH
1990
2000
2010
1993
Office of Atomic Energy and Peace (OAEP)
proposes research reactor (5-10 MW) in Ongkarak.
“Thailand’s Nuclear Program: 1966-1997” WISE News Communique (1997)
http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/473/4692.html
Nuclear in Thailand
FAILED
STALLED
1960
Ongarak
“Fiasco”
FAILED
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1993- 2003
Ongkarak plans halted multiple times due to safety and
environmental problems. 1 US-based General Atomics,
contracted to build, threatens legal action for stall in plans.
2
1 “Thailand’s Nuclear Program: 1966-1997” WISE News (1997) http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/473/4692.html
2 “Thailand: The Final Countdown” WISE/NIRS (2002) http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/573/5439.html
Nuclear in Thailand
FAILED
STALLED
1960
Ongarak
“Fiasco”
FAILED
1970
1980
1990
2000
NUCLEAR
PUSH
2010
2007
National Power Development Plan (PDP) calls for
nuclear energy by 2020. EGAT to invest six billion
dollars to build 4,000 MW nuclear power plant.
“Thailand To Build First Nuclear Plant.” Energy Daily (2007)
http://www.energy-daily.com/reports/Thailand_To_Build_First_Nuclear_Plant_999.html
Nuclear in Thailand
NUCLEAR
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
POLITICAL
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Nuclear in Thailand
NUCLEAR
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
POLITICAL
The COLD WAR,
US influence,
military rule
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1963-1973
Military regime led by Generals Thanom-Praphas
David Wyatt, “Thailand: A short history” 1984, p 286.
Nuclear in Thailand
NUCLEAR
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
COUP
POLITICAL
COLD WAR
Military Rule
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1976
Military Coup following Oct 6 massacre,
Thanin Kraivixien-led government installed
“History of Thailand since 1973.” Wikipedia.org (2007)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_1973
Nuclear in Thailand
NUCLEAR
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
COUP
POLITICAL
COLD WAR
Military Rule
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1977
Military Coup led by Kriangsak Chomanand.
“History of Thailand since 1973.” Wikipedia.org (2007)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_1973
Nuclear in Thailand
NUCLEAR
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
COUP
POLITICAL
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
COUP
COLD WAR
Military Rule
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1991
Military Coup, led by Generals Sunthorn and Suchinda,
bloody “Black May” military crackdown on protests
against Suchinda as PM, Anand installed as interim PM
“History of Thailand since 1973.” Wikipedia.org (2007)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_1973
Nuclear in Thailand
NUCLEAR
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
COUP
POLITICAL
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
COUP
COUP
COLD WAR
Military Rule
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2006
Military Coup led by Sonthi Boonyaratglin,
General Surayud Chulanont installed as PM
“History of Thailand since 1973.” Wikipedia.org (2007)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_1973
Nuclear in Thailand
NUCLEAR
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
NUCLEAR
PUSH
<500 MW
COUP
POLITICAL
NUCLEAR
PUSH
4,000 MW
5-10 MW
research
reactor
COUP
COUP
COLD WAR
Military Rule
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
“Thailand To Build First Nuclear Plant.” (2007) “Thailand’s
Nuclear Program: 1966-1997” WISE. (1997)