Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - Semiotic Integration

Let's Be Novakian:
Constraining Task with
Structural Mapping Software
Lawrie Hunter
Kochi University of Technology
http://www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/
Let's Be Novakian
Action
research
Let's Be Novakian
Action
research
–means
“still working on it”
Let's Be Novakian
Action
research
–means
“still working on it”
or
“no real data”
BACKGROUND: 2 ‘PASSIONS’
HAWW
How Academic Writing Works
(Information strategy and readability)
MAPPING
Foundation Information Structures
(Knowledge Structures)
BACKGROUND: 2 ‘PASSIONS’
1. HAWW
2. MAPPING
Writing styles
Accessibility
Purpose of writing
Effectiveness
Clarity
Using model language
Audience
target
Structure
Writing technique
BACKGROUND: 2 ‘PASSIONS’
1. HAWW
2. MAPPING
Constructivist L2 learning task
Open-ended and ‘expressive’ tasks
free the learner to use language that is
immediately, personally relevant.
“My favorite game.”
“A day in my life.”
“How I would reduce Japan’s CO2 emissions.”
Constructivist L2 learning task
Open-ended and ‘expressive’ tasks
free the learner to use language that is
immediately, personally relevant.
BUT they also allow the learner to
write freely in terms of
-content
-information structure and
-rhetorical structure.
How can we present task
so as to force
certain* language behaviors?
*e.g. use of certain structures
e.g. use of certain types of cohesion device
e.g. use of certain register
How can we present task
so as to force certain language
behaviors?
Maybe
information mapping systems
allow us to usefully present
task content in a low-text manner.
Many information mapping systems
1. Mind mapping
2. Directed link maps
3. Hunter’s info structure maps
4. Horn’s argument mapping
5. AusThink’s argument mapping
6. Rationale argument mapping
7. RST* maps
*Rhetorical Structure Theory
Clarify this study’s purpose
in terms of content:
Aim of this design process:
-to create tasks and devices that aid the TAW learner
in perceiving information structures:
-argument structure,
-knowledge structure (following Mohan (1986) and Hunter (2002)) and
-message type (central message, background information).
Central
message
Argument layer
Knowledge structure
layer
Background
information
Clarify this study’s purpose
in terms of form of language/information
Structure
Argument
structure
Knowledge
structure
Node content
Link type
Independent clauses
Rhetorical (e.g. argument) relations
Nouns/noun phrases
Attribute, compare, classify,
sequence, cause-effect
Analyze map styles in terms of links
Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
longevity
Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
longevity
pine trees
longevity
Spatial metaphor* in human graphics:
“Down is specific, up is general”
“Down is subordinate, up is superordinate”
Metaphors We Live By
by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson
University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
longevity
pine trees
longevity
Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
longevity
Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
longevity
pine trees
longevity
Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
are a symbol of
longevity
pine trees
is symbolized by
longevity
Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
pine trees
symbol of
characteristic of
longevity
longevity
Quantum levels of mapping
Argument mapping
Information structure mapping
Syntactic mapping
Grammatical mapping
(pseudo)
Association mapping
Tony Buzan’s mind mapping
The links are all associations
-i.e. zero granularity
Directed-link maps
http://www.inspiration.com/
Directed-link Novakian* maps
*maybe Novakian...
When is a map Novakian?
“The basic Novakian concept map...
usually starts with a general concept
at the top of the map, and then
works its way down ... to more specific concepts.
Abrams, R. An Overview of Concept Mapping. In
Meaningful Learning: A Collaborative Literature Review of Concept Mapping. Retrieved
March 18, 2008 at http://www2.ucsc.edu/mlrg/clr-conceptmapping.html
When is a map Novakian?
“The basic Novakian concept map...
usually starts with a general concept
at the top of the map, and then
works its way down ... to more specific concepts.
Concepts are placed in [boxes]...
Abrams, R. An Overview of Concept Mapping. In
Meaningful Learning: A Collaborative Literature Review of Concept Mapping. Retrieved
March 18, 2008 at http://www2.ucsc.edu/mlrg/clr-conceptmapping.html
When is a map Novakian?
“The basic Novakian concept map...
usually starts with a general concept
at the top of the map, and then
works its way down ... to more specific concepts.
Concepts are placed in [boxes]...
Lines are drawn from a concept
to a linking word to a concept.
Abrams, R. An Overview of Concept Mapping. In
Meaningful Learning: A Collaborative Literature Review of Concept Mapping. Retrieved
March 18, 2008 at http://www2.ucsc.edu/mlrg/clr-conceptmapping.html
When is a map Novakian?
“The basic Novakian concept map...
usually starts with a general concept
at the top of the map, and then
works its way down ... to more specific concepts.
Concepts are placed in [boxes]...
Lines are drawn from a concept
to a linking word to a concept.
Sequences of concepts and linking words
do not always form grammatically correct sentences.”
Abrams, R. An Overview of Concept Mapping. In
Meaningful Learning: A Collaborative Literature Review of Concept Mapping. Retrieved
March 18, 2008 at http://www2.ucsc.edu/mlrg/clr-conceptmapping.html
When is a map Novakian?
http://cmap.ihmc.us/
Many information mapping systems
1. Mind mapping
2. Directed link maps
3. Hunter’s info structure maps
4. Horn’s argument mapping
5. AusThink’s argument mapping
6. Rationale argument mapping
7. RST* maps
*Rhetorical Structure Theory
Novakian maps (Novak & Cañas, 2006)
are type 3 maps,
having textured link dyadic elements.
1. Associational
2. Directed link
3. Textured directed link
Novakian maps (Novak & Cañas, 2006)
can be used at any level of abstraction.
Argument mapping
Information structure mapping
Syntactic mapping
Grammatical mapping (pseudo)
Association mapping
Novakian maps (Novak & Cañas, 2006)
are type 3 maps,
having textured link dyadic elements.
The rules of operation for Novakian maps may be defined as:
Rectangles (nodes) contain concepts.
Rectangles are joined by labeled lines (propositions).
Propositions are usually uni-directional.
The label in the middle of a proposition
is called a linking phrase.
Hunter’s info structure maps
Classification
Description
Degree
comparison
<
Attribute
comparison
big
Contrast
!
Sequence
Cause-effect
Power generating systems
General
process:
Boil a
liquid
seawater
heat
OTEC
plants
Make
steam
boil
NH3
steam
20C
low
power
zero
energy cost
Rotate
turbines
!
boil
H2O
!
steam
500C
!
high
power
Generate
electricity
fossil or
N-heat
older type
plants
high
energy cost
hunter systems
Since
1998
Quantum levels of mapping
Argument mapping
Information structure mapping
Syntactic mapping
Grammatical mapping
(pseudo)
Association mapping
Argument mapping
as an inroad to task constraint
Argument mapping
-an extreme case of
summarizing
Information structure mapping
Syntactic mapping
Grammatical mapping (pseudo)
Association mapping
-persuasive rhetoric filtered out
Important levels of mapping
Argument mapping
Information structure mapping
Horn’s argument mapping
A pioneering effort at argument mapping
Ad hoc approach (non Toulmin)
Very restricted link relations:
-is supported by
-is disputed by
http://www.stanford.edu/~rhorn/index.html
Horn’s argument mapping
The Turing Test
http://www.stanford.edu/~rhorn/index.html
AusThink
argument
mapping
http://www.austhink.com/
AusThink
argument
mapping
http://www.austhink.com/
Rationale argument mapping
http://www.austhink.com/
RST mapping
Bill Mann’s Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST)
uses various sorts of "building blocks" to describe texts.
The principal block type deals with "nuclearity" and "relations"
(often called coherence relations in the linguistic literature.)
www.sil.org/~mannb/rst/
RST mapping
Bill Mann’s Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST)
uses various sorts of "building blocks" to describe texts.
The principal block type deals with "nuclearity" and "relations"
(often called coherence relations in the linguistic literature.)
www.sil.org/~mannb/rst/
RST links are rhetorical devices.
Cmap tools
http://cmap.ihmc.us/
Cmap tools
http://cmap.ihmc.us/
Novakian links are syntactic devices.
Constraining learner behavior
Central
message
Background
information
Argument layer
Target content
discard
Knowledge structure
layer
avoid
discard
Using link labels to constrain learner behavior
Allow only links
which signal the information structures
which constitute the register*
*Here the register is FAE,
and the degree of abstraction is maximum.
Using link labels to constrain learner behavior
Allow only links
which signal the information structures
which constitute the register:
Citation as subject
claims (that)
proposes (that)
implies (that)
suggests (that)
infers (that)
observes (that)
Results as subject
reveals (that)
demonstrates (that)
indicates (that)
disproves
proves (that)
implies (that)
Claim as subject
is supported by
is contradicted by
is in agreement
with
is in opposition to
assumes (that)
Demonstration : task constraint work
Example:
teaching the informal technical academic register
– used, for example, in science magazines and
presentation scripts/
Demonstration : task constraint work
Audience
Writing styles
Accessibility
Purpose of writing
Effectiveness
Clarity
Using model
language
target
Structure
Writing
technique
Demonstration: task constraint work
ppt 1: associational mapping
ppt 2: argument mapping
Observations: task constraint work
ppt 1: associational mapping
-orientation problems
-centrality ignored
-no over-structure
ppt 2: argument mapping
Observations: task constraint work
ppt 1: associational mapping
-orientation problems
-centrality ignored
-no over-structure
ppt 2: argument mapping
-ignored constraint rule
-added link types
-varied the constraints
-added information
Future work
1.
Achieve elegance
in learner argument maps
Future work
1.
Achieve elegance
in learner argument maps
2.
Writing work:
learners write from maps to FAE.
Future work
Long-term, big new:
Argument mapping
Information structure mapping
Syntactic mapping
Grammatical mapping (pseudo)
Embed
Hunter’s info structure mapping
in
Novakian argument mapping
Association mapping
Future work
Argument mapping
Information structure mapping
Syntactic mapping
Grammatical mapping (pseudo)
Embed
Hunter’s info structure mapping
in
Novakian argument mapping
Association mapping
-and see what happens!
Thank you for your attention.
You can download this .ppt from
http://www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/professional/novakian
Lawrie Hunter
Kochi University of Technology
http://www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/
Original outline for
Let's Be Novakian: Constraining Task with Structural Mapping Software
INTRO: constructivist task, open-ended
the search for means of purposefully constraining typically open-ended EFL constructivist tasks (e.g.
"Write about bananas") without going to the opposite extreme of simple closed task (e.g. "What's a
banana?)."
How to get at specific language features (lexical units, lexical structures)
1. explore a variety of mapping software mindmaps (Buzan, association maps)
2. explore several general task architectures
3. Show how the use of concept map systems based on associational links can result in excessive task
performance freedom.
4. Show Cmap The Cmap, or Novakian, approach <http://cmap.coginst.uwf.edu/> involves the use of
labelled links
5. Show how Cmap's labelled links can be used to constrain learner behavior towards more articulate
expression while maintaining a high degree of task performance freedom. By constraining the nature of
link labels the materials designer can push the learner to very specific language behaviors within larger
tasks.
6a. demonstrate Cmap task constraint work in the example of teaching the informal technical academic
English register (used for example in science magazines and presentation scripts),
6b. demonstrate Cmap task constraint work in teaching the important second language reader/writer skill
of distinguishing between (1) technical content and scientific argument and (2) motivating or persuasive
rhetoric.
Tree wrapping article used in
Let's Be Novakian: Constraining Task with Structural Mapping Software
Traditional pest control worse than useless
The Yomiuri Shimbun
OSAKA--The traditional method of wrapping pine trees in straw matting during winter to protect them from harmful insects is actually
counterproductive, a recent study has found.
Komo-maki, or straw mat wrapping, is a traditional pest control method used to trap harmful insects in the straw wrapped around the trunk. In early
winter, straw mats are wrapped around the trunks to attract insects. During winter, the insects multiply in the warm mats, which are then removed from
the trees and burned together with the insects inside in early spring.
But a study led by Chikako Niiho, an associate professor of insect ecology at Hyogo University, found that 55 percent of insects caught in straw mats
used to wrap pine trees at Himeji Castle in Himeji, Hyogo Prefecture, for four years, were beneficial to trees, while only 4 percent were harmful.
An examination of about 350 straw mats used to wrap pine trees at the castle found between zero and six egger moth caterpillars, a tree pest, each
year from 2002-04, and only 44 even in the worst year, 2005. The team found no long-horned beetles--not itself a pest, but a carrier of pinewood
nematodes. Together with egger moths, pinewood nematodes are the main cause of pine wilt, a disease fatal to pine trees.
On the other hand, the researchers found between 337 and 625 spiders of various species that prey on harmful insects. Also found in the mats were
between 90 and 486 beneficial assassin bugs, which also prey on pests.
According to researchers, egger moth caterpillars live under bark and are found in cracks in the trunk after the removal of mats, with a lot of egger
moth pupae found in the same places in summer. Nematodes also inhabit trunks, meaning the straw mat wrapping is useless as a way of getting rid of
them.
It is thought that the wrapping of pine trees in winter started in the Edo period (1603-1867), when it was common practice in the gardens of feudal
lords. The wrapping has been an annual event at Himeji Castle since the 1960s.
But there has long been suspicion that the wrapping serves little purpose.
For this reason, while wrapping is still employed in famous places such as Miho no Matsubara (Miho Pine Grove) in Shizuoka and Okayama Korakuen garden
in Okayama, the method was abandoned 20 years ago in the Outer Garden of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo and Kyoto Imperial Palace Garden in Kyoto.
Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, did not employ the method this year and Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, is considering dropping it.
Niiho said straw mats provide places for beneficial insects to pass the winter. Places that want to continue the wrapping should only burn the mats
after giving the beneficial insects time to get away, she advised.
A spokesman for Himeji Castle Office said: "It's true we found many spiders in the mats, but as we never knew they were good for the trees we burned
them anyway. We want to figure out a better way."
(Mar. 27, 2008
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