Transcript The Age of Jackson, Reform and Industrial Growth

THE AGE OF
JACKSON, REFORM
AND INDUSTRIAL
GROWTH
1824-1860
The Rise of Mass Democracy
1825-1840
Possible Quick Writes
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Andrew Jackson and his supporters have been criticized
for upholding the principles of majority rule and
federal supremacy inconsistently and unfairly. Assess
the validity of this criticism in the cases of two of the
following: recharter of the bank, the nullification
controversy and the removal of Native Americans
In what ways did the religion of the Second Great
Awakening and economic changes influence the reform
movements of the period 1820-1860?
How did industrialization change the roles of labor and
women in the first half of the 19th century?
I. The Corrupt Bargain
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Early 1820’s sectional differences
emerge after the Panic of 1819 and
the Missouri Compromise
Emergence of two party political system
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New types of political parties
emerged, became accepted
Emergence of new type of voter:
fewer property qualifications
means more people eligible to vote
(less restriction)
New styles of campaigns, banners,
badges, politicking
1828 new party, Democrats
1830’s Whig Party emerges
Two party system part of checks and
balances of political power
More people began to vote (78%
in1840)
I. The Corrupt Bargain
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1824- Last of the old style elections
Adams (MA), Clay (KY), Wm. Crawford
(GA), Jackson (TN) all running for president
Jackson strongest personal appeal, support
from the West
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Won a majority of the vote, did not win in
electoral college
Clay (also Speaker of the House), threw
support behind Adams
Clay hated Jackson (from 1818 Florida
foray)
Did not like Adams either, but both were
nationalists
I. The Corrupt Bargain
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1825 vote in House gave election
to Adams, Clay becomes Sec. of
State (seen as stepping stone to
presidency)
Supporters of Jackson called it a
corrupt bargain
No positive evidence of “corrupt
bargain”, Clay becomes Sec. of
State
Changed political system, no
more elections behind closed
doors
II. Yankee Misfit in the White House
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Adams could be an irritable loner
Great Sec. of State, poor president
Not good at politics
Did not have popular support
Kept people in office, didn't do
political favors for supporters
Nationalistic views and ideas in
contrast with national mood turning
towards sectionalism and state’s
rights
Land policies and Indian policies
turned off Westerners
III. Going “Whole Hog” for Jackson in 1828
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By 1828 Democrat-Republicans split
into two groups
National Republicans supported
Adams
Republicans supported Jackson
 Jackson seem as champion of
common man
Mudslinging, accusations in election of
1828
Vote split along sectional lines
West and South supported Jackson
New England supported Adams
Vote split in rest of country but
Jackson won the electoral vote
Shift of political power from eastern
seaboard to emerging western states
IV. Old Hickory as President
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Jackson from humble beginnings
Force of personality and power of leadership led to rise to national prominence
First president from the west, frontier aristocrat, slave owner
Election seen as rise of “peoples champion”
Wild inauguration, supporters flooded Washington, and wrecked White House
Conservatives saw this as the rise of the dreaded democratic mob
V. The Spoils System
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Washington was due for an overturn in
the established powers, many had been
around since the early 1800’s
Under Jackson spoils system used on a
large scale (rewarding supporters with
political jobs)
Promise of “spoils” led to party loyalty
instead of economic, class and
geographic loyalties
Rewarding cronies led to scandal, but it
was an important element to the
development of the two party system
VI. The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”
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Tariffs had protected American Industry against
European competition
Invited retaliatory tariffs against American goods
Tariff raised in 1824, 1828
Southerners thought tariffs discriminated against them
Tariff of 1828 called “Tariff of Abominations”, “Black
Tariffs”
Southerners sold goods on world market,
unprotected by tariffs, forced to buy manufactured
goods in a market protected by tariffs
Northeast was having a boom in manufacturing, how
was the South doing?
Tariff was an easy scapegoat
VI. The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”
Meanwhile in the South…..
 Feelings were heightened by the fear that the
federal government would interfere with
slavery
 Missouri Compromise, Denmark Vesey slave
rebellion (1822), mounting pressure in support
of abolition (in US and abroad)
 Tariff seen as issue to the South as a way to
take a stand for states’ rights
 South Carolina took the lead
 1828 The South Carolina Exposition secretly
written by John Calhoun (vice president)
 Wrote that tariff was unjust and
unconstitutional, proposed that states should
nullify tariff within their own borders
VI. “Nullies” in South Carolina
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In SC Tariff of 1832 tipped balance to support
nullification
Delegates declared tariff null and void in state
Threatened to take state out of the Union
No other Southern states actively supported SC
actions
Jackson would not permit defiance, dispatched
military reinforcements to state to enforce, collect
tariff
Jackson endorsed tariff
Henry Clay stepped in to broker a compromise
VI. “Nullies” in South Carolina
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Compromise- Tariff Bill of 1833-would
reduce tariff 10% over 8 years
Debate broke down over sectional lines
South favored compromise, Jackson would
not have to use the military
Force Bill also passed at the same time,
authorized president to use military to
collect tariff
SC delegates met again repealed
ordinance of nullification, but they nullified
force bill
Only winner was Clay, seen as hero that
saved the country
VII. The Trail of Tears
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Jacksonians committed to Western Expansion, viewed Native Americans as in
the way
Since 1790’s American policy toward Indians, they were recognized as
separate nations
US acquired land through treaties, terms violated regularly as Anglo settlement
pushed west
Some tribes assimilated into American culture, some resisted it
Cherokee of GA, NC assimilated into American ways (part of 5 Civilized
Tribes- Creek, Choctaw, Seminole, Chickasaw)
Cherokee embraced civilization- written constitution, written legal code,
alphabet
Some were even slave holders
1830- Congress passes Indian Removal Act, appropriated money to remove
Indians to permanent reservation west of the Mississippi (act supported by
Jackson, Southerners and Westerners)
Jackson, like many Westerners thought Indians needed to be removed east of
the Mississippi, open land to white settlement
VII. The Trail of Tears
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1828- Georgia Legislature declared
Cherokee tribal council illegal,
asserted jurisdiction over their lands
Cherokees appealed to Supreme
Court (two separate cases)
Court upheld rights of Indians
Jackson disagreed with the Supreme
Court, ordered removal of Indians
(“Marshall made his decision, now let
him enforce it”)
Uprooted more than 100,000 Indians,
westward movement known as the Trail
of Tears
1836 Bureau of Indian Affairs
established to administer relations
with Native Americans
Settlers pushed west the permanent
frontier for Indians gradually shrank
and many guarantees went up in
smoke
VII. The Trail of Tears
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Sauk and Fox Indians in Wisconsin
and Illinois resisted eviction
Led by Black Hawk the rebellion was
crushed by American troops in 1832
(Black Hawk War)
Seminoles waged a bitter guerilla
war for seven years in the swampy
Everglades (1835-1842)
Leader, Osceola was captured
under a flag of truce, some fled
deeper into the swamps, 80% were
moved to Oklahoma
VIII. The Bank War
Jackson distrusted big business and the Bank of the US
 Why?
Good
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Banks minted gold and silver coins
Paper money printed by private banks (value fluctuated with
health of bank and amount of money printed
Bank of US source of credit, principle depository of federal
money, source of credit and stability
Acted like another branch of government
Bad
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Bank not accountable to people, existed to make a profit for
investors, seen as against “American "way
VIII. The Bank War
1832 Bank War begins
 Webster, Clay push for recharter of
Bank to make it a political issue in
election of 1832
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If passed and signed by Jackson it would
alienate his western followers, if vetoed
he would loose support of wealthy,
influential easterners
Jackson vetoed, declared bank
unconstitutional, found it harmful to nation
Another instance of Jackson regarding
executive branch superior to judicial
branch
Jackson expands power of executive
branch
IX. Old Hickory Wallops Clay in 1832
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Clay and Jackson squared off in election of
1832
First time third party ran, Anti-Masonic Party
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Supporters in NY, Middle states, New England
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Against secret societies, support from evangelical
Protestants (use political power to bring moral and
religious change)
Jacksonians against government interference in
social and economic life
First use of nominating conventions
Clay had support from businessmen and
eastern newspapers
Jackson wins election handily (219-49 in
electoral college)
X. Burying Biddle’s Bank
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Charter for Bank of US expire 1836 , Jackson
wants to take it out
1833 Jackson removes federal deposits, bleed
bank dry
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Had to reshuffle cabinet to find people to
support him
Biddle calls in loans from Bank to show
importance, causes financial panic
Jackson places funds in state banks (“pet
banks”), banks with pro Jackson sympathies
Banks flood country with paper money,
currency becomes unreliable
1836- Specie Circular required public lands to
be purchased with hard currency (gold, silver
currency)
Put brakes on land speculation, sales
Causes financial panic and crash in 1837
XI. Depression, Doldrums and the Independent
Treasury
Panic 1837 caused by over-speculation on lands,
borrowed money based on shaky currency and
wildcat banks
Causes
 Jackson’s policies on the Bank of the US
 Rising grain prices
 British Banks calling in loans
 Caused commodity prices to drop, land sales to fall
off, factories closed, high unemployment and bank
closures
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XII. Election of 1836
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Martin Van Buren chosen as
Jackson’s successor
Whigs don’t nominate single
candidate, many candidates for
regional appeal
Wanted to put election in hands
of House
Van Buren won election easily
Van Buren inherited problems over
which he had no control
Did not have the force of
personality that Jackson had to
deal with problems
Depression, possible war with
Canada
XIII. The Birth of the Whigs
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1830’s new political party emerges- Whigs
Hatred of Jackson was what they rallied
around
Whigs were led by Clay, Calhoun, Webster
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Attracted groups alienated by Jacksonsupporters of American System, southern states
righter's, northern industrialists, absorbed
evangelical protestants from Anti-Masonic
Party
Progressive in support of active government
programs and reforms, called for internal
improvements
Supported prisons, asylums, public schools and
the market economy
Claimed to be defenders of common man (stole
from Democrats)
Van Buren’s Problems
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Whigs tried to make government more active to
end depression (expansion of credit, tariffs), Van
Buren kept government out of economy
Van Buren tried to help economy through the
“Divorce Bill”, keeping government out of banking
by establishing an independent treasury, caused
credit to shrink
Not popular
1840- Passed by Congress, repealed next year,
revived in 1846 and continued until the Civil War
XVI. Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840
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1840 Van Buren runs again for president,
Whigs get behind one candidate William
Henry Harrison
Harrison, war hero and Indian fighter
Views on issues vaguely known
Played as a “common man”, really from old
Virginia family
Selected John Tyler as VP
Plan was to drive corrupt Jacksonians from
White House
Harrison won, time for Whig ideas of
government action to stimulate the economy
XV. Two Party System
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1840’s American politics adopt populist, democratic style
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Old aristocracy seen as bad
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Politicians wanted to claim humble beginnings, politicians had to
adopt “common touch”
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Resulted in formation of vigorous and durable two party system
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Both parties grew out of Jeffersonian Republicanism
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Democrats were for the liberty of the individual, state’s rights,
federal restraint
Whigs supported national bank, protective tariffs, internal
improvements and moral reforms
Both mass based, appeal led to compromise within the parties, kept
extreme views from becoming dominant, reduced sectionalism