Chapter 8 Continuity and Change in Europe and

John P. McKay ● Bennett D. Hill ● Patricia Buckley Ebrey ● John Buckler Roger B. Beck Clare Haru Crowston ● Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks

I. The Byzantine Empire A. Sources of Byzantine Strength

1. Roman identity 2. Military threats 3. Fortifications of Constantinople

I. The Byzantine Empire B. The Sassanid Empire and Conflicts with Byzantium

1. Prime location 2. Religious affiliation 3. Sassanid expansionism

I. The Byzantine Empire C. The Law Code of Justinian

1. Reformation of Roman law 2. Corpus juris civilis

D. Byzantine Intellectual Life

1. Literature 2. Mathematics and science 3. Medicine

I. The Byzantine Empire E. Life in Constantinople

1. Markets 2. Aristocracy 3. Political instability 4. The Byzantine household

II. The Growth of the Christian Church A. The Evolution of Church Leadership and Orthodoxy

1. Dioceses 2. Nicene Creed 3. Theodosius

II. The Growth of the Christian Church B. The Western Church and the Eastern Church

1. The Petrine Doctrine 2. Successors of Peter 3. The patriarch 4. The Orthodox Church

II. The Growth of the Christian Church C. The Iconoclastic Controversy

1. Icons 2. Iconoclasts 3. Political ramifications

D. Christian Monasticism

1. Eremitical life 2. Benedict of Nursia

III. Christian Ideas and Practices A. Christian Beliefs and the Greco-Roman Tradition

1. Saint Jerome 2. Gender issues

III. Christian Ideas and Practices B. Saint Augustine

1. The Confessions 2. The sacraments

III. Christian Ideas and Practices C. Missionary Activity

1. Royal conversions 2. Saint Patrick 3. Cyril and Methodius

III. Christian Ideas and Practices D. Conversion and Assimilation

1. Pagan customs and practices 2. Penance 3. Veneration of saints

IV. Migrating Peoples A. Social and Economic Structures

1. Barbarian society 2. Patriarchal structure

IV. Migrating Peoples B. Chiefs, Warriors, and Laws

1. War bands 2. Barbarian law codes

IV. Migrating Peoples C. Migrations and Political Change

1. Celts 2. Central Asian Huns 3. Odoacer

D. The Frankish Kingdom

1. Clovis 2. Carolingians 3. Charles Martel

IV. Migrating Peoples E. Charlemagne

1. The new emperor 2. Expansionist policies 3. Carolingian Renaissance 4. Treaty of Verdun