Transcript The Migration of Mongols

The Migration of the Mongols
1200-1500 CE
The Middle East, Russia, China and Korea
Kathryn Casey, Cameron Morton,
Lindsey Robirds
The Mongols
The Mongol Empire was one of the Earth’s largest
continuous empires, and spanned over 6,000 miles. It
emerged from tribes of Mongols and Turks that were united
under the rule of Ghengis Khan. The infamous ruler rapidly
spread the Mongol Empire in every direction by invading
many parts of Europe and Asia. The Mongol people
constantly migrated when the empire took over areas, and
people previously occupying the Mongols’ conquests were
taken as prisoners, slaves, or warriors. Descendants of
Ghengis Khan ruled the empire until it fragmented in1260.
It was split into four parts: the Golden Horde Khanate, the
Chagatai khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan dynasty. The
Chinese overthrew the Yuan dynasty in 1368, and the
Mongol Empire collapsed.
Pictures
Expansion of the Mongol
Empire during the 13th century
The Mongols extended their
hegemony throughout Europe and
Asia from the 13th through the 16th
century. This also includes the
frequently used trade routes of the
Maritime Trade System.
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Golden Horde
Chagatai Khanate
Ilkhanate
Yuan Dynasty
Pictures
The Empires according to the
leaders who conquered it
Eight of the fifteen Great Khagans
of the Mongolian Empire
Pictures
(Ignore key)
Mongolian Empire migrations around the Eurasian continent. This
shows the specific routes of each migration over the period of time that
the Mongols ruled this land.
Pictures
Current-day Mongolia
The Mongolian Empire circa 1300
Chronology
•
1206
Tumujin (the founder, ruler, and emperor of the Mongol Empire) receives the title of Genghis Khan (meaning Universal
Ruler) after dominating Mongolia.
•
1207
•
1210
Western Xia ruler surrenders to Genghis Khan. The Uyghur Turks also surrender peacefully to the Mongols and become
important administrators within the empire. The classic Mongolian script was created in this year.
•
1211
•
1218
Mongols capture Tarim Basin (400,000 km2 area located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in far west China)
Zhetysu (part of Russian Turkestan) this allows them to occupy Kashgar which is the oasis city in the Tarim Basin. Mongol envoys
executed by the Kwarezmian Shah Muhammad which began the first motion for the Mongols to move westward.
•
1219
The Mongols cross the Jaxartes River in central Asia and begin to invade Transoxiana (a portion of central Asia that
corresponds with modern0day Tajikistan, southwest Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan)
•
1221
•
1223
The Mongols are victorious after the Battle of the Kalka River which was the Mongols first encounter with the East Slavic
warriors.
•
1227
Genghis Khan dies. Mongol leaders journey back to Mongolia for kuriltai (a meeting about the vacant Kahn position). At
this time the Mongolian empire covers 26 million km2 which is roughly four times the size of the Macedonian or Roman empires.
•
1229
The third son of Genghis Khan, Ogedei Khan, is elected as the Great Khan.
•
1232
Mongolians attack Kaifeng. During attack, missile-rockets are used for the very first time in world history by the Jurcheds.
Mongols attack Western Xia, which included northwest China and some areas of Tibet.
Genghis Khan led his army against the Jin Dynasty (northern China) through the Gobi desert.
At the same time the Mongols attacked central Asia and destroyed he Kwarezmid Empire in the Middle East
Chronology
•
1234
The Mongolians conquer the Jin dynasty (occupied by the Jurcheds)
•
1236
Mongolians attack and invade Korea. The Mongols begin their invasion of Europe.
•
1237
Beginning of the Mongolian-Song dynasty (south of the Yangtze River).
•
1239
Mongols invade Chormaqan, Armenia, and Georgia.
•
1240
Mongols attack Kiev
•
1241
under the ruling of Batu Khan, Mongols invade Bulgaria and force them to pay annual tribute as vassals
•
1243
The western Mongolian army force Seljuks of Anatolia to become a part of the Mongolian empire. The Empire of
Trebizond and the Lesser Armenians surrender to Mongolia.
•
1246
The eldest son of Ogedei Khan, Guyuk Khan, is elected as Great Khan.
•
1247
The first ever registration of citizens in the Mongolian Empire is taken.
•
1248
Great Khan Guyuk Khan dies
•
1251
The line of Khans from the Ogedei and the Chagatai families is destroyed with the election of the new khan, Mongke who
is the eldest son from the line of Tolui.
•
1253
Mongol gain control of Yunnan.
•
1257
The Mongols attempt their first invasion of Dai Viet (current day Vietnam) they
Chronology
•
Mongol Empire controls all of Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, Iran, and parts of Armenia
•
1274
First Mongol attempt to invade Japan it was unsuccessful. After the attack the decentralized local leaders became more
unified while planning and preparing for the inevitable second attack of the Mongols
•
1279
Mongols invade China and unify the fragmented states and preserved the features of the government, also added to the
government (tax farming, Western Asian Muslims as officials, etc.)
•
1281
Mongols attack Japan again but are defeated for a second time, this time by a combination of an unexpected typhoon and
advanced Japanese defensive preparations.
•
1300
Under Mongol rule China flourishes. Trade recovered, ports prospered, and merchants became more popular.
•
1333
Bubonic plague hits Mongolia
•
1368
Mongolian Empire of Genghis Khan and his line ended with the Ming dynasty
•
1388
Chinese invade the capitol of the Mongolian empire (Karakorum)
•
1392
End of the Mongolian occupation of Korea
•
1405
Timur (a fourteenth-century conqueror of central, western, and South Asia, also founder of the Timurid Empre and
Timurid Dynasty (1370–1405) loses control over the Mongolian Empire.
•
1466
The Great Horde (The Slavic take on the Mongolian Khanate) dominates Mongolia
•
1481
Mongols are finally defeated by the Russians
•
1502
The Great Horde dissolves. Borjigin emperors rule Mongolia until 1635
Regional Impact
Middle East
Politics
Intellectual
The group of Mongols was led by Ganges Khan and he began
to overtake the Middle East in 1220 with the capture of the
cities Samarkand and Bukhara. The attack on Baghdad was the
most important city that was taken. All around the Middle
East the attack of the Mongols was devastating, and most of
the Middle East never recovered to its former power.
The Mongols destroyed much of the intellectual achievements
that had been made in the Middle East before the invasion,
the Mongols destroyed libraries, and killed scholars and
scientists. The Mongols destroyed hundreds of years of work
left behind by Muslim scholars.
Religion
Art and Architecture
Even through the destruction, Islam did not disappear. Mongols
began to accept and covert to Islam as they moved into the Middle
East. At the beginning of the fourteenth century Islam was declared
the official religion of the state by the Ghazan Khan Mahmud.
However, because of the culture difference many Muslims in the
Middle East did not agree with the Mongols calling themselves
Muslim.
As some Mongols began to convert to Islam, they built
mosques, so Islamic architecture began to be seen mixed with
the Mongols.
Technology
Economy
The Mongol invasion of the Middle East was important
because in this invasion, the Mongols sacked and completely
destroyed the city of Baghdad, which had been a technological
center for around 500 years. After the city was destroyed the
Middle East was never able to recover.
The vital water irrigation networks were destroyed by the
Mongols and this ruined the agricultural practices that were
the backbone of society. The economy was destroyed when the
Mongols destroyed this area.
Society
The society suffered after the loss of many people with the destruction of cities, society was not the same. Iraq was extremely
depopulated after the Mongol invasion. Society changed a great deal with the agriculture ruined, and the major city of Baghdad
destroyed.
Regional Impact
Russia
Politics
Society
The Kieven Rus’ had princes before the Mongol attack and in
1236 the first Mongols arrived and began to take over Russia.
From there the Mongols spread throughout what is now
Russia and destroyed all except the cities of Novgorod and
Pskow. The invaders built their own capital called Sarai and
here the Golden Horde was formed. This was where the
Mongol and Khan ruled over Russia from. All of the russian
states were under control of the Mongol ruler. However,
Russian princes acted as tax collectors. Mongol leaders of the
Golden Horde ruled parts part of Russia up until 1480
When the Mongols first invaded they killed many people.
However, once their power was established the Mongols
basically left the average people and farmers alone, they had to
pay tribute but other than that the Mongol leaders did not
disturb the society of most people living in Russia. The
Mongols very sparsely inhabited most of Russia and the
integration of the two cultures never happened.
Religion
Art and Architecture
The Mongols were mostly religiously tolerant, the Khan was
muslin, and Islam was the religion of most Mongols. However
Christianity was accepted by the Mongols and the Khan even
let a Christian bishopric be built in the Mongolian capital of
Kievan Rus.
When the Mongols stormed Kiev in around 1238 the only
major building not destroyed was the Cathedral St. Sophia.
This Cathedral is still around today and is one of the most
important architectural pieces in all of Russia.
Technology
The Mongols possessed the latest in warfare technologies.
Postal road network, census, fiscal system, and military
organization also changed during the Mongol rule.
Economy
A tribute had to be paid to the Golden Horde and other than
that a mainly agricultural lifestyle was maintained, trade was
also part of the economy. The tribute was important because it
gave the Mongols plentiful revenue. However the tribute
caused the economy to suffer, the Mongols tried to introduce
paper money, but it did not work.
Intellectual
The Mongol language spread into Russian language and some of them are still in the language today. Western intellect also entered Russia.
Regional Impact
China
Politics
Intellectual
The Mongols first conquered northern china in the 1230s and after
that a very difficult tax farming system was put into place, with all of
the revenue flowing to the Mongols. The Mongol capital of Beijing
was established and it was a fusion of Chinese and Mongolian
culture, however the Mongol Khan was in charge. Khubilai Khan was
an important leader in this time because in infused the two cultures.
The Mongol ruling of China was extremely important politically,
because it unified China as a whole, whereas it had been slit up into
three parts.
Khubilai Khan brought men form he middle east to Beijing to create
an observatory. The Chinese also began to publish their knowledge
of herbs and medicines during this period. A Mongolian and
Chinese language also came about; this is today known as mandarin.
Religion
Art and Architecture
During this time the Mongol’s were introduced to Buddhism by
Buddhist monks called Lamas. Buddhism became increasing popular
with the Mongols around the time of 1200s to 1300s.
During this period the Mongols began to adopt some Chinese
architecture and art. Khubilai Khan even used Chinese styled walls
when building in his capital.
Technology
New medicines came about during this time, as well as cotton
growing, and the production of cotton.
Economy
Mongols demanded tax collection, and the economy was agricultural
as well as based off of trade on the Silk Road, trade out of China was
mostly silk. Farmers farmed Mullberry trees, as well as cotton.
Because of harsh tax collections, farmers suffered.
Society
The Mongols wanted to create a mix of the Chinese and Mongol cultures, somewhat like the mixes of Mongol culture in the Middle East and
Russia. In society the Mongols were the highest up on the social ladder, followed by central Asians, middle easterners, the northern Chinese,
and lastly, the southern Chinese.
Regional Impact
Korea
Politics
Intellectual
Korea was invaded around 1270 by the Mongols. There
was a power struggle between the two and eventually
Korea surrendered. In 1392, Korea signed a treaty to keep
their sovereign power but fell subject to Mongolian rule.
Korea developed many military tactics during the
Mongolian invasions.
Religion
Art and Architecture
Religion was not a part of the Mongolian conquest of
Korea. Society and authorities were more focused on the
invasion and struggles of Korea.
Small fortresses were often built along the coast to
prevent invasions. Korean architecture of this time was
usually built with strong fortification. Art was rare during
the time of battle.
Technology
Economy
The world’s first movable type, as well as wooden blocks,
were created by Korea during this time. They were highly
skilled in script and recording important documents.
Due to the six major campaigns of Mongolian invasions,
Korea became an ally of the empire for the next 80 years.
Society
After Korea surrendered, the Mongols demanded their people now serve for them. The Mongol Empire collected one
million soldiers, in addition to slaves, children, and craftsmen. They often took the people of their conquests and
forced them into slavery or the army. Because of the violent way Mongols conquered, many Koreans died by resisting
their power or in battle as a part of the Mongolian army.
Change Over Time
•
The founder of the Mongol Empire was Tumujin. He
received the first formal title of Genghis Khan which
means Universal ruler after he dominated Mongolia
and took control in 1206.
•During the time of Genghis Khan’s death his empire was
about the size of four roman empires put together which is
much larger than the original Mongolian empire.
•
Genghis Khan uses his title to exert his control over
his army allowing them to be fearful and very
successful. One of the first major triumphs was over
Western Xia a mere 4 years after the first Genghis
Khan was named.
•The Mongols continue to attack and take over countries and
expand their empire under the Khan rule.
•
•
•
However not only did this strong title prove successful
on the battlefield, it also showed control over the
intellectual side of the Mongolian Empire when the
first classical Mongolian script was created in 1210.
Genghis Khan dies 17 years later and a change in
rulers is imminent. The Mongol leaders hold a
meeting about who should succeed their first Khan. It
is decided that the Third son of Genghis Khan should
rule as Great Khan.
During the time of Genghis Khan’s death his empire
was about the size of four roman empires put together
which is much larger than the original Mongolian
empire.
•However things begin to dissolve when the line of Genghis
Khan ends with the Ming dynasty in 1368.
•Twenty years late the Mongolian capital of Karakorum is
ransacked by the Chinese which leads to the end of Mongolian
occupation of Korea in 1392.
•The Great Horde is in control in 1466 but the Mongols are
defeated in 1481 by the Russians.
•The Great Horde dissolves completely 21 years late and
Borjigin emperors rule Mongolia until 1635.
Comparisons
Although the Mongols invaded and took over three completely different regions, there are some similarities to the Mongol rule in
Russia, China, Korea and the Middle East. There are also many differences. One of the largest similarities was that they demanded a
tax collection wherever they ruled and local princes were charged with collecting the taxes and giving it to the Mongol ruler. Another
similarity is that a Khan ruled over the area that was taken over. In China the Khan ruled from the capital Beijing and in Russia the
Khan ruled from the Golden Horde capital. The Mongol rule of Russia and China are the most similar in that Mongols took up
permanent residence in the area and they created a capital. The invasion of Russia and the Middle East are similar in that the
Mongols destroyed important cities, such as Baghdad and Kiev. The Middle East suffered the most from the invasion, in that the
Mongols destroyed the irrigation networks and agriculture suffered immensely in this region and is still recovering today. Korea also
suffered, with losses in population. The Mongol invasion of the Middle East and China are similar in that in both of these regions
the Mongols adopted the religion. In the Middle East the Mongols adopted Islam, and in China they adopted Buddhism. In Korea
and Russia the religion was not adopted by the Mongols. Overall the Mongol invasions led to destruction and tax collections for all
of the regions. All of the invaded regions felt the affects of the Mongols.
Effects on Today’s World
The Mongols invaded and conquered by
mass destruction, famine, and
extermination.
They used infected bodies from the
Bubonic plague as biological weapons.
The Mongols had very many impressive
tactics in order to conquer various areas.
When invading a city, those who
surrendered would become slaves. People
who resisted were immediately killed.
This wiped out many Russian and Asian
cities.
The Mongol Empire developed a writing
system similar to the Uighur script. This
is often still used in Central Mongolia.
The language Chagatai, named after
Ghengis Khan’s son, is spoken by
Russians and Turks today.
The Mongol Empire discovered many
military techniques that have influenced
today’s armies. They also originated many
aspects our current economies, including
tax systems, different ways of credit, and
ways to control the influx of conquests
and people.
In the 13th century under the rule of
Kublai Khan, Mongols began using paper
money. This was most common in the
territory of China. It was some of the
first uses of credit and paper money.
The Black Death may have reached the
Mongol Empire through trade routes. It
wiped out much of the empire’s
population; however, not as much as
Europe’s.
The Mongol Empire was one the largest
empires in history. It was a well-organized
reign that was devoted to military and
conquest.
Migration of Mongols
Kathryn Casey
Maps and Pictures
Effect on Today’s World
Lindsey Robirds
Chronology
Change Over Time
Cameron Morton
PIRATES
Comparison
Bibliography
http://www.freewebs.com/tavrvs/mongolwarfare.htm
http://www.mongolia-attractions.com/ancient_mongolia.html
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Nomadic_empire