Transcript Document

Objective 1…TAKS
10th and 11th grades
Home slide Home
TAKS questions from released tests, study guides and information booklet:
Safety, measurement, correct choice of equipment
Interpreting graphs and illustrations
Analyzing promotional labels and ads
The Scientific Method
Links to non-TAKS tutorials and quizzes
Link to 10th grade study guide
Scroll to p.251 for objective 1
Link to 11th grade study guide
Scroll to p.297 for objective 1
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Non-TAKS tutorials & quizzes
Objective
Safety
How to read a MSDS sheet
1
Scientific Method
20 ques. Living Environment Introduction & Scientific Inquiry quiz
17 ques. Scientific Method quiz
9 ques. Scientific Method quiz
7 ques. Scientific Method quiz
‘Apparatus and Units quizzes’
A metric conversion calculator
Distance measuring. Choose level ‘A’ first, then proceed to level ‘B’
and ‘C’.
Length, weight, capacity measuring
Temperature measuring
Interactive thermometers
Measurement practice
The ruler game…interactive reading of ruler in inches.
Conversion tutorial and chemistry problem solving.
Matching the science units
Accuracy vs. precision tutorial
Measurement
Promotional analysis
A calcium test.
A nutrition game.
Recognizing health quackery.
Look up nutrient facts about anything.
Safety/Measurements/Equipment
choices
Back to safety, etc
• Understanding safety precautions
• Reading measurements
• Choosing equipment
Home
Home
A science class is conducting an experiment
that produces noxious fumes. Because of
inadequate ventilation, some students begin
to feel nauseated and dizzy. The first
response should be to —
A neutralize the acid that is reacting to
produce the noxious fumes
B carry the reactants outside, away from
other students
C leave the room and go to an area with
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fresh air
D spray the reaction with a fire extinguisher
Back to safety, etc
Home
The safest way to dilute
concentrated sulfuric acid is to add
A a series of small volumes of water
to the acid while stirring
B the acid to water slowly while
stirring constantly
C the acid to a small volume of
water and then add more water
D dilute sulfuric acid to a small
volume of the concentrated acid 1
Back to safety, etc
Acids must be handled
with extreme care.
You will be shown the
proper method for
diluting strong acids.
Home
Back to safety, etc
AW
Always add acid to
water, swirl or stir the
solution and be
careful of the heat
produced, particularly
with sulfuric acid.
WA
Laboratory equipment is cleaned andHome
properly stored after use primarily so
that —
A chemical products can be measured
and recorded as data
B time is saved in setting up the next
experiment
C toxic materials can be kept in the
laboratory
D the possibility of contamination in the
laboratory
isprevents
minimized
A clean lab
accidents, contamination and worry.
55
Back to safety, etc
The reason for wafting or fanning a small Home
amount of chemical vapors toward the nose
as a means to detect odors in a test tube is
to —
A avoid experimental error from excessive
loss of mass of reactants or products
B avoid splashing chemicals into the face of
any person
C protect the respiratory tract against
potentially harmful vapors
D determine the relative strength of the odor
before smelling directly
Back to safety, etc
15
Reactions that produce toxic
gases should be performed in
a—
A laboratory fume hood
B beaker with a watch glass on
top
C well-ventilated area of the lab
D warm, airtight drying oven
Home
Back to safety, etc
15
Always wear goggles when using glassware,
heat/fire and chemicals. And always secure loose
clothing and hair.
All of these procedures must be
followed when using the setup
shown except —
A putting on safety goggles
B handling the beaker with tongs
C securing loose clothing
D wearing rubber gloves
Home
Back to safety, etc
Latex, rubber gloves would melt. Cotton gloves handle heated glassware.
9
Home
Back to safety, etc
A safety checklist for this activity should include
the presence of a proper fire extinguisher and all
the following items except a —
A fire blanket
B receptacle for broken glass
Lab aprons are used
when there is fire and/or chemicals in use.
C laboratory
apron
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D squeeze bottle
Home
Back to safety, etc
The ingredients described above are used to make a
bonding agent. The most important safety precaution to
take when applying this bonding agent is to —
F dry it with a small flame
G work in a well-ventilated area
H cover the work area with newspaper
J wear a lab coat
2
Home
Classification symbols
for certain fire
extinguishers are
shown below.
Which class of fire
extinguisher should
be used when
a hot plate overheats
and catches on fire?
Back to safety, etc
24
Home
Back to safety, etc
Home
Back to safety, etc
Assume all unknown materials are toxic
until finding out differently.
Which safety precaution should be observed
while analyzing sediment from a marine
aquarium?
A Wear rubber gloves
B Use a fume hood
C Avoid using glassware
D Have a fire extinguisher nearby
15
Home
Back to safety, etc
Which of the following shows the length of
a rubber strip measured precisely to
2.22 centimeters? –
7
Home
Back to safety, etc
Home
Back to safety, etc
47 – 38 = 9 mL
The illustration shows volume levels of a liquid in a
graduated cylinder before and after a sample was
removed. According to this information, what was the
volume of the sample to the nearest milliliter? Record
and bubble in your answer on the answer document. 20
Home
Back to safety, etc
What is the volume reading for the solution in the pipette?
A 19.4 mL
B 19.6 mL
C 20.4 mL
D 20.6 mL
55
Four lab groups measured the volume of acid required to
Home
neutralize a standard solution of sodium hydroxide base. Which of
the groups measured the volume with the highest precision?Back to safety, etc
Use the skinniest
thing with lines on it.
Acid Base
Acid Base
Acid
Acid Base
Base
13
Home
Back to safety, etc
Which of the following procedures should
be used in finding the mass of crystals?
Never
put chemicals
back into
the originalback
container.
A Pour
the excess
crystals
into the
They might be contaminated.
original container
B
the incrystals
onof the
outer
part of the
PutPut
crystals
the center
the pan
not “outer”.
balance pan for massing
C
Pour
wastes
down
the
sink
with
plenty
of
Unrelated to the question of massing.
water
D Use weighing paper on the balance pan
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Home
Which
of
the
following
will
allow
Rule: Choose a ‘skinny’ glassware.
Choose the cylinder
the mostvolume
lines on it,with
measurement
of awithliquid’s
the smallest
subparts for precision.
theand
greatest
precision?
A 50 mL cylinder graduated in 1 mL
50 ÷ 1 = 50 lines
1increments
ml subpart
B 100 mL cylinder graduated in 0.5 mL
100 ÷ 0.5 = 200 lines
1/2 ml subpart
increments
C 100 mL cylinder graduated in 1 mL
100 ÷ 1 = 100 lines
1 ml subpart
increments
D 200 mL cylinder graduated in 5 mL
increments 21
200 ÷ 5 = 40
5 ml subpart
Back to safety, etc
Home
Back to safety, etc
25.29 - 24.51 = .78
25.50 - 24.49 = 1.01
25.92 - 24.99 = .93
25.03 - 24.98 = .05
Q
S
Subtract the lowest number of the range
from the highest number in each row.
R
T
Home
The table shows four mass
readings of one object as
measured by four different
balances. Which balance produced
the most-consistent
measurements?
AQ
BR
CS
DT
19
Back to safety, etc
Range =
9.8 – 8.2=
1.6
Range =
11.9 – 10.2 =
1.7
Range =
11.5 – 5.6=
5.9
Range=
11.8 – 10.5=
1.3
Home
Back to safety,
These data were gathered by four groups of students. Each group performed four trials to
determine the acceleration rate of a toy car. Which group had the most-consistent
data?
F Group Q
G Group R
H Group S
J Group T
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Home
Back to safety, etc
Which of these
will give the
most precise
measure of a
10-milliliter
volume?
Rule: You use the
smallest and skinniest
device with lines on it.
22
Which of the following pieces of equipment would be Home
Back to safety, etc
most appropriate for measuring the
volume of a
marble?
Not precise for a marble
Marble mass
Marble displacement of water
Marble diameter
35
Home
Back to safety, etc
Which set of equipment would be best to
use to test the effect of temperature on
solution acidity?
F A balance and a thermometer
G A pH meter and a barometer
H A balance and litmus paper
J A thermometer and a pH meter
50
Home
Back to safety, etc
Rule: at least double the size of the container
for the amount of liquid boiling.
Rule: don’t seal or close a container when boiling.
Which lab setup would be appropriate to use
in heating 100 mL of water to the boiling
point?
A A 10 mL test tube held above a Bunsen
burner
B A 200 mL beaker placed on a hot plate
C A thermal coil inside a 100 mL cylinder
D A sealed 300 mL flask in a warm-water
bath
5
Home
Back to safety, etc
Home
Back
to
graphs
Interpreting graphs & illustrations
To: Reading maps and illustrations
To: Interpreting graphs
To: Interpreting charts
Home
Back
to
graphs
100
200
200
200 km
The cloud conditions above are typical of locations near a warm
front. According to these data, what are
the most likely sky conditions for Waco?
A Cirrus clouds
B Altostratus clouds
C Stratus clouds
D Clear skies
45
Home
Back
to
graphs
Home
Back
to
graphs
At which temperature do KBr and KNO3
have the
same solubility?
Home
Back
to
graphs
A 27°C
B 48°C
C 65°C
D 80°C
51
According to the
graph, about how
much hemoglobin
would be saturated
at an O2
pressure of 7.3
kPa?
A 32%
B 67%
C 89%
D 92%
Home
Back
to
graphs
49
Home
Back
to
graphs
The graph shows the percentage
of hemoglobin that combines with
carbon monoxide (CO) at various
concentrations. Exposure to 400
parts per million of CO in air can
cause people to experience
nausea and a throbbing
headache. According to the
graph, about what percentage of
hemoglobin is bound to CO at a
CO concentration of 400 parts
per million?
A 25%
B 35%
C 40%
D 55%
Home
Back
to
graphs
55
Home
Back
to
graphs
The graph shows the distance traveled by a
vehicle over a certain period of time. Which
segment of the graph shows the vehicle moving
with the greatest speed?
The steeper the line, the faster the speed.
AL
B M Horizontal lines “M” mean “parked” or no speed.
CN
DO
39
Home
Back
to
graphs
1 m per 1
sec
He was staying still for a while.
2m
per 1
sec
According to this graph, what was the bicycle’s
acceleration between 6 and 10 seconds?
A 0.0 m/s 2
B 0.65 m/s 2
C 1.6 m/s 2
D 6.5 m/s 2
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Home
Home
Back
to
graphs
According to the graph, what is the
approximate half-life of carbon-14?
A 5.7 years
C 23,000 years
B 5,700 years D 1,000,000 years
Home
Back
to
graphs
100%
½ of 100%
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Home
Which graph illustrates the progress of a
chemical reaction in which energy is
released?
Back
to
graphs
Home
According to this information,
what is the best prediction for
the boiling point of the sevencarbon alcohol?
A 169°C
B 178°C
C 186°C
D 192°C
47
Back
to
graphs
The graph shows the results of a study testing Home
chemical pesticides on a pest species common to
cotton plants. Different chemical pesticides were
used in five different areas. According
to these results, which
of the following is the
most effective chemical A lot
for controlling this pest
species?
Pests that
stayed alive:
AR
BS
A few
CT
DV
Pests that
stayed alive:
Back
to
graphs
11
Home
Back
to
graphs
The graph shows the amount
of carbon-14 in tissue over
time. According to the
graph, if a bone contains 1/8
the amount of carbon-14
that it did originally, its
approximate age is —
F 5,700 years
G 11,400 years
H 17,100 years
J 22,800 years
6
Which graph
best shows the
comparison
of the
elements to
the total
composition of
the copper
ore?
Home
Back
to
graphs
Use pie graphs when all the parts make a whole.
Home
Back
to
graphs
47
The graph shows metabolic ratesMetabolic
for tworate
types of fish at different
Home
environmental temperatures. Which
of ‘rate
the offollowing conclusions Bac
means
to
grap
burning
calories’
can be drawn from these data? .
F Fish metabolism responds
to temperature changes.
G Metabolic rates decrease
as environmental Dependent variables are put on the Y axis.
temperatures increase.
H Fish body temperature
results from high metabolism.
J Metabolic rates are independent
of environmental temperature.
So metabolic rate (Y axis) depends on, or responds to temperature (X axis).
Independent variables are put on the X axis.
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X axis
Y axis Home
Back
to
graphs
Choose ‘gas
properties’ at
this link.
While studying the relationship
between the pressure and the
volume of a gas, members of a
science class conducted an
experiment in which they
changed the pressure on a
balloon and then measured the
balloon’s volume. They
collected the data above.
Which graph correctly
represents these data?
1
A researcher measured the net amount of carbon dioxide taken in by
two species of plants at various intensities of light. According to the
graph, how is Plant 1 different from Plant 2?
Home
Back
to
graphs
Home
The graph shows the relative basal
metabolic rates of a field mouse
and an anole (a type of lizard) at
different temperatures. According to
this information, the field mouse —
A uses the least energy when the
environmental temperature is 30°C
B is able to control its body
temperature
C uses less energy at 20°C than the
anole does
D is unaffected by environmental
temperatures
Back
to
graphs
3
Home
Home
During a process called ventilation, a fish pumps water over its gills by opening
Home
and closing its mouth. Ventilation increases the contact between the fish’s gills and
the surrounding water so that the fish is able to obtain enough oxygen.
Home
Back
to
graphs
Which conclusion is best
supported by these data?
F Earth’s surface is composed mostly of silicon
and calcium.
G Oxygen is closer to Earth’s surface than
aluminum.
H There is more aluminum than calcium at
Earth’s surface.
J Silicon is much heavier than iron at
12
Home
Back
to
graphs
7-4=3
12-7=5
31-12=19
38-31=7
The table shows the number of bubbles released by an elodea plant
per minute at different light intensities. The rate of bubble release is
representative of the photosynthetic rate. Which statement is
supported by these data?
A The rate of photosynthesis is slowest when elodea produces 7 to 12
bubbles.
B Lower light intensity causes a higher photosynthetic rate.
C The greatest difference in photosynthetic rate is between the 75 W
and 100 W light bulbs.
D Light intensity has little effect on the rate of photosynthesis of elodea.
53
Home
According to the table, which
workers have the greatest chance
of experiencing
significant hearing
loss over time?
F Police traffic officers
G Shoe-factory workers
H Road-construction
crews
J Library desk clerks
44
Back
to
graphs
Home
Back
to
graphs
Small change.
Larger change.
Container P and Container Q each were filled with 0.5 liter of water.
The water was heated to 90°C. The table shows the temperatures
after both containers were allowed to cool for 3 minutes. Compared
to Container Q, Container P is a better —
A conductor
B absorber
C radiator
D insulator
43
Home
Rainfall doesn’t show a pattern.
Ozone is increasing,
as the yield is decreasing.
The table shows environmental factors and soybean
production for three regions. Which of the following
probably accounts for the decrease in soybean yield in
Region 1?
F High levels of ozone damaged the
soybean plants, decreasing the average
yield.
Home
G Low rainfall amounts failed to meet the
plants’ moisture needs and inhibited growth.
H Poor mineral levels found in the soil in
that region limited the soybean harvest.
J Higher-than-normal rainfall increased pest
activity, decreasing the average yield.
22
Yield of plant materials.
Kinds of species.
Home
Back
to
graphs
Which question could be formed based on
Home
these data?
If this were the answer, the 3 column would not have been included.
F What
types of plants have increased
productivity in different habitats?
Is there
a ‘cause and effect’ between
productivity and diversity?
G Is there
a relationship
between
productivity and bird diversity in a habitat?
If this does
had been studied,
the bird diversityof
would
have been
thea
independent
H How
the
number
birds
in
variable and would have been the first column of the chart.
population affect habitats?
J Do habitats display changes in
Seasons were not mentioned in the chart.
productivity
and bird diversity during
different seasons?
rd
Back
to
graphs
16
Home
Temp
increasing
Ozone
increasing
South
winds
An environmental-science company measuredHome
the ozone pollutant levels at two different
locations in a metropolitan area. Which statement
is best supported by these data?
A Lower fuel efficiency and northerly winds in the
winter increase ozone pollution the most.
B Northwest winds in the spring transport ozone
pollution into the metropolitan area.
C High summer temperatures and southerly
winds contribute to high levels of ozone.
D Heavy use of automobiles changes ozone
levels the most.
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Home
Assuming the chart contains all energy
transformations in the Earth system, how much
solar radiation goes toward evaporating water?
F 40,000 terajoules
G 92,410 terajoules
H 121,410 terajoules
J 133,410 terajoules
Back
to
graphs
And subtract from the whole:
173,410 – 133,410 =
Add these together:
= 133,410
52
Home
According to the data in the
table, about how far can a spring
be expected to stretch when a
force of 3.92 N is applied?
A 10.5 cm
B 13.6 cm
C 14.0 cm
D 17.3 cm
Pattern method:
.98 + .98 = 1.96
1.96 + .98 = 2.94
2.94 + .98 = 3.92
Pattern method:
3.5 + 3.5 = 7
7 + 3.5 = 10.5
10.5 + 3.5 = 14
Ratio method:
2.94 = 10.5
3.92
?
5
Numbers increase
from top to bottom
but don’t double.
Home
Back
to
graphs
Numbers are
decreasing
In size.
The table shows the atomic radii of some elements in
Periods 1 through 4 of the periodic table. Which
inference can be made from this information?
F Atomic radii decrease from left to right.
G Atomic radii increase from bottom to top.
H Atomic radii decrease from right to left.
52
J Atomic radii double from top to bottom.
Home
Understanding labels and ads
Home
Testimonials are not valid in science.
This had two groups and a control.
Also this had a large sample size.
A magazine included advertisements for two different garlic
supplements to promote healthy hearts. The
advertisement for Very Good Garlic Extract presents
evidence that is more valid because —
A information was gathered in a controlled manner
B it lacks a guarantee
C it lacks personal testimonials to the product’s
effectiveness
D information was gathered in more than one country
5
Home
D
A
C
B
Which conclusion can reasonably be
made about Glycotac based on the
promotional brochure?
Glycotacwith
is notdiabetes
for everybody.
A All people
can safely use
the product.
Glycotacisisguaranteed
not for people with
kidney,blood
B Glycotac
to lower
heart
or infection
problems.
sugar in
people
without
health problems.
C Using the product may lower bloodsugar levels.
D Glycotac eliminates the need to
Glycotac in addition to exercise.
exercise to control high blood sugar.
Home
1
An advertisement claims that patients canHome
be cured of the common cold in 48 hours by
vitamin C tablets with secret mineral
supplements. In a scientific experiment to
test these claims, which data can be
considered irrelevant?
A The amount of vitamin C in each tablet
B The severity of the patients’ cold
symptoms
C The chemical formula for vitamin C
D The amount of time before symptoms
improve
15
Home
Recommended is 50 mg of B6
and 800 µg for Folate
There’s no B12 in this cereal.
Many doctors recommend 800 µg of folate, 400Home
µg of vitamin B12, and 50 mg of vitamin B6 per
day to improve cardiovascular health. Based on
this information and the nutrition label, the
cardiovascular health benefit of a 1-ounce serving
of this cereal is —
A doubtful because it provides insufficient folate
and vitamin B6 and lacks vitamin B12
B superb because it contains only 22 g of
carbohydrates and 75 mg of sodium
C excellent because it provides all needed
vitamins and is low in fat and cholesterol
D poor because it raises blood cholesterol levels
7
with its high fat and cholesterol content
Home
Home
Home
Home
An herbal company advertises that
its product will help people lose Home
1 a tablespoon of
weight if they take
the product with a glass of water at
bedtime each night. Weight
loss
is
2
guaranteed if a person does not eat
for at least 3 hours before bedtime,
3
4
gets moderate exercise, and drinks
8 glasses of water each day.
Why is the company’s claim difficult
Home
to verify?
F The company has yet to disclose the
identity of its special herb.
G Numerous uncontrolled variables are
involved in evaluating results.
H Fasting lessens the absorption rate
of the herb.
J The advertisement lacks data from
before and after the weight loss.
30
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Scientific Method
Recognizing well designed scientific investigations
Choosing “best statements” or conclusions.
Choosing “beginning question” or “hypothesis”
that led to the experiment given.
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Two science students discovered thatHome
the mass of a sample of acetone in an
open beaker decreased within a few
minutes.
One student hypothesized that the
acetone reacted with oxygen to form a
gaseous compound that escaped. The
other student believed that the acetone
evaporated into the air. What should
the students do to test these
hypotheses?
F Combine the hypotheses so they give Home
valid predictions of the acetone’s behavior
G Conduct a study of original papers
describing the experiments leading to
acetone’s discovery
H Perform an experiment that attempts to
identify the gas above the open beaker
J Ask a classmate’s opinion about the
chemical and physical properties of acetone
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46
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An engineer has created a new engine for race
cars. It is necessary to know which fuel mixture
will allow the engine to run at its peak
performance. Which experimental design is best
for this investigation?
F Use one fuel mixture on the engine and
measure its performance
G Use one fuel mixture on many types of engines
and measure their performance
H Use various fuel mixtures on the engine and
measure its performance
J Use various fuel mixtures on many types of
48
engines and measure their performance
In an investigation 10,000 dung beetles were Home
examined for the presence of parasites. The data
showed that about 5% of the beetles had
parasites. The results are —
The question
is only
about
parasites
dung beetles.
F invalid
because
only
dung
beetlesofwere
examined
Just because itbecause
was 5% doesn’t
mean it’s
wrong or
G unsupported
the parasite
population
unsupported.
was small
H erroneous
because
more
beetlesbut
should
have
The data may
have been
surprising
it is still
valid
the data was collected incorrectly or
hadunless
parasites
inconsistently.
J valid
because the sample size was sufficient for
accuracy
10,000 beetles is a very adequate sample
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size in which to make a valid conclusion.
44
Home
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The following
boxes represent a
field. Which pattern
for collecting 10
samples would
Rule:
provide
the
best
Samples should
data
for
identifying
be collected as
the
typesas
of plants
randomly
in
a field?with no
possible,
chance of bias.
43
Home
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A good experiment has:
A large sample group for lots of data.
One variable being tested.
In experiments,
benefit
of larger
One control a
group
not getting
thesample
variable.
sizes would be more —
A variables
B representative data
C time per group
D control groups
13
Which of these is a hypothesis that can be
Home
tested through experimentation?
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You can measure amounts of bacteria
andincreases
you can measure
temperature.
growth
exponentially
F Bacterial
as temperature increases.
G A fish’s ability to taste food is affected by
can
the clarity of aquarium water. How
these be
H Tadpoles’ fear of carnivorous measured?
insect
If they can’t,
larvae increases as the tadpolesthen
age.
they
J The number of times a dog wags
are its tail
indicates how content the dog is.untestable.
6
Home
The owner of a pet store assures a
customer that if she buys only one female
hamster, she will not need to worry about
the hamster having offspring, because there
will be no male with which the female can
breed. What possibility is the pet-store
owner overlooking?
Back to sci. method
Irrelevant unless the customer wants more
hamsters
eventually.
The
hamster
could be infertile.
F
Sex changes
do not
occur in hamsters.
G The
sex of the
hamster
could change.
If she
were pregnant,
will have more
H The
hamster
could the
becustomer
pregnant.
hamsters soon.
J The
hamster
be a twin.
Does
not applycould
to the customer.
34
Home
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Home
The diagram shows different
setups of an experiment to
determine how sharks find their
prey. Which experimental setup
is the control?
FQ
In this case,
“normal” for
GR
sharks is the
HS
control.
JT
30
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Dr. Percy Lavon Julian(1899–1975)
Not many years ago, people with rheumatoid arthritis suffered greatly. Their joints Home
became swollen, inflamed, and painful, and many were unable to walk. Then doctors
found that a natural chemical called cortisone helped reduce the symptoms of
arthritis. However, cortisone was difficult to produce and too expensive for most
people to afford.
Back to sci. method
Dr. Percy Lavon Julian, a chemist, came to the aid of people who suffered from
rheumatoid arthritis. Dr. Julian developed a synthetic form of cortisone from soybean
and yam plants. The synthetic form was easy to produce and affordable.
Dr. Julian found that soybeans provide other important chemicals as well. Using these
chemicals, he developed waterproofing materials and a foam used to put out fires.
The navy used this foam to protect ships and planes during World War II. Dr. Julian’s
work and the products he helped produce continue to improve the lives of thousands
of people.
Has a control
group
and large sample size.
A pet food company conducted an investigation using a new type of cat food.
Researchers measured several indicators of health in four groups of cats. Back to Home
sci. method
Each group was fed a different diet. After six months the researchers found
no difference in the health indicators among the groups and concluded that
the new food has no ill effects on cats’ health.
How could this investigation have been improved?
Home
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Home
Ten different types of culture media were
inoculated with the same strain of bacteria and
incubated at the same temperature. Nine of the
cultures grew. Which of these conclusions can be
drawn from this information?
F The media used
in the experiment are all
th
Why didn’t the 10 dish grow bacteria?
capable of sustaining bacterial growth.
G The temperature varied greatly during the
Given: same temperature
experiment.
H Only
theinoculation
culture was
thatdone
failed
to grow bacteria was
Assume
consistently.
inoculated properly.
J One
of the
lacked
the
nutrients
Perhaps
one media
media (food)
wasn’t
suitable
for that needed
species
bacteria totogrow.
for
the ofbacteria
grow.
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28
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Certain chemicals in the diet of moth
larvae seem to influence the early
development of the moths’ wings.
Careful observation of developing
pupae could result in —
Data may
may not
verify
the hypothesis.
A data
to or
verify
the
hypothesis
A conclusion to
is not
made
until a valid
B changes
the
conclusion
experiment has been completed.
C AaEggs
conclusion
about
moths’
eggs
new
species
are not included
means
comparison
in thethe
study.
of The
the moths
study
begins
being
with larvae
to known
and thespecies.
observations
Instead,
arethe
finished
experiment
when
Dobserved
development
of
a new
moth
species
was
wings
about
have
thisappeared.
moth species’ growth response to
certain chemicals.
47
Home
The smell of an ammonia solution
used to clean a floor can quickly be
detected throughout a house.
Scientists explain this phenomenon
by theorizing that gas molecules
from the ammonia are in continuous
random high-speed motion, drifting
rapidly and permeating the air.
Which statement best demonstrates
the strength of this theory?
Back to sci. method
A Scientists have observed tiny smoke Home
particles moved by unseen particles in a
rapid, irregular fashion.
B Scientists have unanimously agreed on
this theory since Thomas Graham’s
experiments in the 1820s.
C The possibility of another theory being
formed to explain the phenomenon as well
is very remote.
D Reason, as opposed to experimentation,
is superior to any explanation found through
chemical testing.
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5
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Starting in June, a student observed the animals in a compost pile over a period
of one year. In September the student removed as many centipedes from the
compost pile as she could find and released them in a park several miles away. At
the end of one year, there were many more spiders in the compost pile than had
been present the year before. There were also fewer springtails and beetles.
Which statement best explains why the populations of springtails and beetles
decreased?
A They had less food available to them.
B They had less space available to them.
C They faced increased predation by carnivores.
D They faced increased competition from herbivores.
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Use this info. for the next question.
Which conclusion about the frogs is
Home
supported by these data?
A Four frogs out of ten preferred the
40% does not equal 35%.
green area.
B The frogs randomly moved into
35%, 34%
are all close to 33% statistically.
the 31%,
colored
areas.
C Most frogs tended to avoid the
31%,
35%,
34%
are
all
close
to
33%
statistically.
red area.
Red was only 3% different than blue.
D Most frogs preferred the color
“Most” means over 50%. Blue section was 34%.
blue.
29
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For a science project a student decided to determine the preferred food
of birds called finches. He hung two feeders, one with sunflower Back to Home
sci. method
seeds and one with millet, from a tree at a height of 12 feet. He hung
two more feeders, one with sunflower seeds and one with millet, at a
height of 4 feet on the same tree. He counted the number of finches
at each feeder three times a day for five weeks. Based on his
observations, the student concluded that finches’ primary food
source is sunflower seeds. However, his science teacher questioned
the student’s conclusion. The teacher most likely questioned the
student’s conclusion because the student did not —
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Same kind of containers:
Same amount of water:
Different starting temperatures
The table shows times required for water to Home
evaporate from identical containers. Which of
these is the best question to ask before
developing a reasonable hypothesis to explain
the data?
Back to sci. method
F Why does a lower temperature slow the rate of
evaporation?
G What is the boiling point of the water after both
samples are heated?
H Why does water exist as a solid at −15°C and
as a liquid at 25°C?
J How does the rate of evaporation change when
28
a different container is used?
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This chart shows the results of an experiment performed in the 1920s using a
bacterial species that causes pneumonia in humans. The experiment
involved several procedures using two different bacterial strains, R and S.
What is a possible explanation for the results in Group 2?
A Living S-strain bacteria can transform into a pathogenic form of R-strain
bacteria.
B Living R-strain bacteria are controlled by a mouse’s immune system.
C Dead S-strain bacteria can cause disease.
D Dead R-strain bacteria can confer resistance to S-strain bacteria.
9
A group of students set up two compost piles (A and B) that each contain the
same amount and type of dead organic material. Both piles are sheltered Back to Home
sci. method
from precipitation. Twice a week the students add water to Compost Pile A
but add no water to Compost Pile B. Once a week the students estimate the
numbers of different types of organisms in each pile by random sampling.
Which question are the students most likely trying to answer?
A How does the moisture level in a compost pile change over time?
B What types of organic material lead to the most-diverse compost-pile food
webs?
C Do more organisms live in compost piles with moist environments or dry
environments?
D How does the number of carnivores in a compost pile affect the number of
omnivores?
Objects of the same mass but of different sizes
and shapes were dropped from a given height.
Home
Their rates of free fall were measured and
recorded. Which of the following is most likely the
question this experiment was designed to
answer?
Back to sci. method
All were
dropped
from
a “given
height”.
F How
does
height
affect
the
force of gravity?
G How
does
gravity
affect
objects of different
Density
is not
as important
in freefall
as wind resistance and Bernoulli's Principle
densities?
Massdo
is constant
the universe.
on
H How
mass through
and weight
affectWeight
fallingdepends
objects?
gravity
ofsize
the planet
you’re
on.affect an object’s rate
J How
do
and
shape
Objects were same mass, but different sizes and shapes
of free
fall?
which
could include objects with different kinds of wind
resistance and Bernoulli's Principle.
52
This experiment probably was set
up to determine —
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A how much mechanical energy
the battery produces
B the pH of water during
electrolysis
C the pressure created by an
electric current
D how much energy is
converted to heat
A thermometer
9
Home
A scientist has hypothesized that the
existence of life on Mars is likely because
Mars’s atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide.
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Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis?
F Do most other scientists agree with the
hypothesis?
G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon
dioxide?
H What is the percent of argon compared to
carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere?
J Have the scientist’s other predictions about
36
Mars been validated?
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This statement is a poor hypothesis because it
is not —
Beauty is a qualitative
A a question
observation that is very
B testable
opinionated.
Science considers qualitative
C observable
D a comparison observations and opinions as
invalid.
49
As temperature drops to the dew point,
clouds form in the atmosphere, and Home
dew forms on ground surfaces. A
scientist proposes that adding more
measurable
water
molecules to the atmosphere will
measurable
change the dew
point. This proposal is
Back to sci. method
A proposal comes before the experiment which
F an
invalid
comes
beforeobservation
the observation.
A proposal that is measurable is valid hypothesis.
G aBecause
valid hypothesis
it is measurable, it is valid although it may
You
don’t have
a valid conclusion
until
you have
be
proven
after
experimentation
to
be
incorrect.
H anobserved
invalidandproblem
analyzed a large sample size of data
J a and
valid
hadconclusion
a control group in which to set a standard.
54
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Home
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The diagram shows an experimental setup.
Which of these questions was this experiment designed to answer?
A Does water boil when exposed to air?
B Will fire turn a gas into a liquid?
C Does air expand when heated?
D Will heat turn a gas into a solid?
39
Home
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Home
Students placed equal amounts
of bread mold on 12 identical
agar plates containing the same
0oC
amounts
and types
22oC of nutrients.
45oC
o
Four plates were kept at 0 C,
o
four were kept at 45 C, and Four
were kept at 22oC (room
temperature). The plates were
examined after five days.
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Which of the following was probably the
Home
hypothesis for this experiment?
F The
growth of
bread mold
increases
Sometimes
a hypothesis
is disproved.
as temperature increases.
G The type of nutrient causes bread
All dishes had the same nutrients.
mold to grow faster at higher
temperatures.
All dishes
were
the same
size.
H The size
of the
plates
determines
the
temperature of bread mold.
J The
ofon
bread
mold is
The temperature
growth depended
the temperature.
determined by the mold’s growth.
4
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Sample A
started with
boiling
Less
time
Sample B
was never
boiled
More
time
Which is the best question to ask before developing a reasonable hypothesis
for the phenomenon shown above?
F Why does water crystallize into a solid below 0°C instead of remaining a
liquid?
G How will the freezing time from 20°C to –15°C change if each container is
covered?
H Why does boiling the water cause it to freeze more quickly when cooled from
20°C to –15°C?
J What is the precise boiling point of the water in Sample A after it has been
heated?
8
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Which of the following best describesHome
the question this set of procedures was
designed to answer?
A Can a substance from dead bacteria
transform living bacteria?
B Can R bacterial cells survive
heating?
C Can dead bacterial cells confer
immunity to a living host?
D Can bacterial cells be isolated from a
healthy host?
25
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